MEDICAL CONCEPTS

It appears that, in our current state of knowledge, fluoride illustrates surprisingly well the classical medical concept that the effect of a substance depends on the dosage regimen. As Paracelsus (1493-1541) said, All substances are poisons there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy . 

Chan, K., Chinese medicinal materials and their interface with Western medical concepts, J. Ethnopharmacol., 96, 1-18, 2005. 

The Babylonians medical concept of the liver, based on detailed knowledge of hepatoscopy, was likewise purely speculative. For them, the liver was the seat of emotions, feelings, desires and sexual potency. 

The Navy s Bureau of Medicine and Surgery and the fleet have begun efforts to develop training packages and medical concepts of operations and to field improved equipment to Navy ships, but these changes have not yet been reflected in formal instructions and directives governing the readiness status of Navy ships. 

Boxing may cause disease but is not a disease. Pain may be a consequence of disease, but is not a disease. No wonder that mental health professionals, eager to legitimize their activities as medical, explicitly assert the opposite Functional impairment or disability, not the presence ofa lesion, is the essential element in the medical concept of disease. This is false. But increasingly fewer people realize that it is false. Let us see why this is so. 

The difficulty with many philosophical analyses of medical practices may be that the commentators are ignorant of elementary medical concepts and facts. A patient may have a disease, such as diabetes, writes Warnock, but, if his disease is controlled, he may not be ill. If Warnock means that the patient may not feel ill, she is right. However, since there is no cure for diabetes, the patient has the disease regardless of whether he feels its effects or is undergoing treatment for it. In the case of mental disease, the physicians statement forms the basis for concluding that the patient has a disease. 

R. E. Kendell, Sclmophrenia A Medical View of a Medical Concept, in... 

With this theory. Rush made the Negro a medically safe domestic, while at the same time called for his sexual segregation as a carrier of a dread hereditary disease. Here, then, was an early model of the perfect medical concept of illness—one that helps the physician and the society he serves, while justifying social maltreatment as medical prophylaxis. ... 

Louis XIII decrees the founding of the Hopital General of Paris. In its functioning, or in its purpose, the Hdpital General had nothing to do with any medical concepts. . . a few years after its foundation, the Hdpital General of Paris alone contained six thousand persons, or around one percent... 

The SMQs consist of different adverse event terms with the objective to describe a common medical concept. In an attempt to increase the sensitivity of the assessment, it is quite common to combine search terms for medically closely related concepts, that is, to use a composite endpoint for the assessment of risks. A typical example of a composite safety endpoint is the major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) criterion. This endpoint consists of myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular death. While this approach is very appealing at a first glance, great caution should be applied when using these composite endpoints. As in the case of MACE, the individual components of the composite do not necessarily have the same medical importance. Therefore, the results of the individual components of the composite should always be reported in addition to the overall result. This is particularly important if equivalence or noninferiority of the overall risk is to be claimed, and then it would also be interesting to know whether a treatment reduces the risk of stroke at the expense of an increased risk of cardiac mortality. 

Both integrated summaries and results of individual trials are used to develop the labeling information at the time of submissions. In general, unique medical concepts are to be used for the labeling information. That is, the same considerations as the ones given earlier should be applied. It should... 

SMQs) might be an interesting future direction as the SMQs represent more well-established medical concepts. Because there is flexibility in modeling different levels of AEs, as a practical advice, it is important to prespecify the multiplicity adjustment method that will be used. Grouping and definitions should be described in the study protocol or the statistical analysis plan, rather than on a post hoc basis. 

Immunitas originally referred to the freedom from taxes among ancient Romans. The medical concept of freedom from disease—immunity—was described by the Greek historian Thucydides, who in his description of the plague (actually probably a typhoid fever epidemic) in Athens in 430 b.c.e. noted that individuals who survived were never attacked twice. ... 

For specific fields other appropriate subdivisions can be chosen - for biological and medical concepts the Organ and Tissue qualifiers are employed ... 

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