Horizontal integration

Compare forward (upwards) integration, backwards (downwards) integration, and horizontal integration, and give examples of each. 

Vertical and Horizontal Integration with VLSI Semiconductor Chips... 

The outsourcing industry has also spawned a new type of company, the virtual company. The concept of a virtual company is based entirely on the use of contract manufacturers, laboratories, and other providers of services to take a product from concept to market. Such a company is truly horizontally integrated. Furthermore, it has the advantage of requiring only a few managers to coordinate the activities of various contractors as it conducts its business. 

Horizontal integration is a further type, where the technological or information base of the company is applied to improve its competitive position in this and related areas. When a particular area of expertise has been discovered and developed, this can be more fully exploited if a number of different product or... 

The first approach is normally referred to as vertical integration, while the second approach is often called horizontal integration. Both vertical and horizontal integration approaches have been vital factors in restructuring and stream-lining modem chemical industries. 

From the standpoints of vertical and horizontal integration of chemical manufacturing industries, it is of crucial importance to understand that there are certain chemicals which are used in preparation of a large family of other chemicals possessing diverse functions and properties. In petrochemical or organic chemical industries, the following seven building blocks are frequently used ... 

Methane is very important as a building block. Both the vertical and horizontal integration with methane as a starting building block is a key topic of this book. 

T. Adamek and R. L. Webb, Prediction of Film Condensation on Horizontal Integral Fin Tubes, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 33, pp. 1721-1735,1990. 

A. Briggs and J. W. Rose, Effect of Fin Efficiency on a Model for Condensation Heat Transfer on a Horizontal Integral-Fin Tube, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 37, pp. 457-463,1994. 

In the concept of a prospective Novel Horizontally Integrated Enei System (NHIES) with zero emission as outlined in [5], the principal problem is not seen in the amount of fossil fuels consumed, but in the need to maintain cleanness during consumption, i.e., the treatment of emissions. This concept is based on (see Fig. 10-3)... 

Fig. 10-3 The Novel Horizontally Integrated Energy System (NHIES) , from [5]...

HAFELE, W., MARTINSEN, D., WALBECK, M., The Concept of a Novel Horizontally Integrated Energy System Ways to Reduce CO2 Emissions, Automatic Control, (10th World Congress, Munich, 1987), Preprints Vol. 5, International Federation of Automatic Control (1987) 155-161. 

NHIES Novel Horizontally Integrated Energy System... 

Table 9. Percentage of holdings establishing a formal horizontal integration with other...

Different options are possible for investors and producers to securitize any generation investment in electricity markets by transferring part of the market risk to other parties, such as vertical integration, long-term contracts, or the combination of horizontal integration and vertical arrangement in a consortium. Such arrangements can help to shift the market risks onto players other than the producers, in particular retailers and consumers ... 

Electricity reforms in a number of countries have not been so radical as to dramatically alter vertical and horizontal industrial structures. In many European countries, incumbent companies were allowed to retain their vertical integration between generation and supply, and were not obliged to divest some of their production units. Furthermore, over the years such companies have expanded abroad and have thereby generally increased their horizontal integration by mergers and acquisitions in other markets. 

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