Twisted/plied yarn

Plied yarns a defined number of yarns are brought together with a slight twist. 

Cabled yarns a defined number of plied yarns are brought together with a slight twist. Texturized and voluminized products an air stream leads to the formation of loops in overfed continuous filament and imparts bulk. 

Forming packages composed of wound strands normally are not supplied to industrial users wilhuul further processing. Strands are twisted and plied before being woven into fabric. A plied yarn, for example, is coated with a latex binder before being used as a tire-cord reinforcemenl. 

The third fabric evidence from Etowah is attached to a copper plate, presumed to be an eagle dancer plate (No. 1156, Burial 110). Parts of it are pseudomorphic. In an area of the plate, one can observe dark fibers manipulated into yams. The yams are from only one system, and no obvious evidence of fabric structure is discernible. Nonetheless, the fibers are part of a re-plied or complex yam type. Two singles are plied in a Z-direction to form a two-ply yam. Then the yam is twisted with another two-ply yam in an S-direction the result is a re-plied yarn (Figure 13). For the most part the yarns contain single smooth fibers. In certain areas the yam has frayed and lost its re-plied configuration. Initial examination by scanning electron microscopy revealed downy barbules indicative of feathers on adjacent fibrous material. 

Observation of single and paired strands moving in relatively straight trajectories, more often without any twist than with twist, confirm silk pseudomorphs on the halberd. In all likelihood, the silk was present in its natural filament form, but the large (0) single yarns of multiple fibers and the three-ply (/) yarn also indicate the probability of silk staple yarns. 

The product resulting from this operation is the spun yarn which is the primary product of the staple fiber industry. Several of these yarns may be twisted together to form a plied yarn, or the singles yarn may be used alone for weaving. 

Single filaments are merged into multifilaments and wound on a spool. These filaments may then be twisted to protect them from the successive textile processes or to give the multifilaments special properties, e.g. a desired stress/strain behaviour. The twist may vary between one and several hundred turns per metre. To compensate for weak spots in the yarns, two multifilaments may be twisted together to form a ply yarn. 

The most common end uses for these carbon fibers are ablative shields and high temperature packing materials, where current practice for the latter is to use the material in the form of 5, 10 or 20 ply yarns, with either S or Z twist. These values are dictated by the customary working practice used in the packing industry and interestingly, this does not follow the practice employed in the ropes industry, where 7 and 19 plies are used. An extra ply, as in 20 plies, would not be locked into the hexagonal structure and would be free to wander (Figure 6.6). 

A filament yarn (or a flat yarn) is a continuous tow that has been twisted to aid future processing. The direction of twist in a yarn is designated as Z or 5 twist—Z twist if the spirals around the axis slope in the same direction as the middle portion of the letter Z and S if the spirals slope in the same direction as the middle portion of the letter S (Twist in Appendix 1). A Z twist is normally applied to a single tow, whereas plied yarns tend to have S twist. A twisted tow can give improved composite mechanical properties, such as flexural strength. 

Balanced twists n. In a plied yarn or cord, an arrangement of twist, which will not cause the yarn or cord to twist on itself of kink when held in an open loop. 

Cabled yarn n. A yarn formed by twisting together two or more plied yarns. 

Combination yarn n. A piled yarn containing two or more yarns that vary in fiber composition, content, and/or twist level or plied yarn composed of both filament yarn and spun yarn. 

Cord n. (1) The product formed by twisting together two or more plied yarns. (2) A rib on the surface of a fabric (e.g., corduroy and whipcord). 

Mixed end or filling n. Warp or filling yarn differing from that normally used in the fabric, e.g., yam with the incorrect twist or number of plies, yarn of the wrong color, or yarn from the wrong lot. 

Plying n. Twisting together two or more single yarns or ply yarns to form, respectively, ply yarn or cord. 

Twine twln [ME twin, fr. OE twin, akin to MD twijn twine, OE twa two] (before 12c) n. (1) A plied yarn made from medium-twist single yarns with ply twist in the opposite direction. (2) A single-strand yarn, usually 3 or 4 mm in diameter, made of hard fibers, such as henequen, sisal, abaca, or chromium, and sufficiently stiff to perform satisfactorily on a mechanical grain binder. 

Twist direction n. The direction of twist in yarns and other textile strands is indicated by the capital letters S and Z. Yarn has S-twist if when it is held vertically, the spirals around its central axis slope in the same direction as the middle portion of the letter S, and Z-twist if they slope in the same direction as the middle portion of the letter Z. When two or more yams, either single or plied, are twisted together, the letters S and Z are used in a similar manner to indicate the direction of the last twist inserted. 

If required, two yarns may be twisted together to achieve increased yam strength and to produce a heavier woven fabric. The resultant yarn is called a two-fold, a doubled or a plied yarn and its linear density would be twice that of the individual component yarns. 

Ratine ra-ts- na n [F ratine] (ca. 1914) (1) A plain-weave, loosely constructed fabric having a rough, spongy texture which is imparted by the use of nubby plied yarns. It is made from worsted, cotton, or other yarns. (2) A variant of spiral yarns in which the outer yarn is fed more freely to form loops that kink back on themselves and are held in place by a third binder yarn that is added in a second twisting operation (Complete textile glossary. Celanese Corporation, Three Park Avenue, New York, NY). 

A textile composite reinforced by woven or nonwoven fabrics, knits, or braids is a material of great interest Conventional textile composites are developed as the combination of various synthetic fibers and resins. On the other hand, material developed by the combination of natural fibers and natural-resource-based resin may be called a textile biocomposite. Natural fibers are first changed into bundle form, known as slivers, and then spun into a continuous yam. Spun yams are often twisted around each other to make a heavier yarn, called a twisted or plied yarn. Such spun yams are processed into final textile products such as woven fabrics, knits, and braids. The textile biocomposites described in this chapter are natural-resource-based resin composites reinforced by such spun yarns or textile products. Section 10.1 describes the elastic properties oftwisted yam biocomposites of ramie, and Section 10.2 introduces the development and evaluation of bladed yarn composites made from jute. 

Fibers are normally spun into yarns with the exception of nonwovens (Chapter 6). A selection of typical yarn structures is shown in Fig. 1.11. The so-called spun yarns are yarns made from staple fibers (for example cotton and cut man-made fibers). All other yarns are made from man-made fibers. Plied yarns consist of two or more parallel oriented yarns twisted yarns consist of at least two twisted yarns. 

Ply-yarn is a collective expression for all two-dimensional textile threads produced by the twisting of at ieast two yarns with S- or Z- twist (Fig. 4.4(a)). The feed yarns are twisted into a piy-yarn, which produces one- or muitiple-step piy-yarns depending on the twisting pattern (Fig. 4.4(b)). The German vocabulary is defined in DIN 60900, part 1. 

Ply-yarns are manufactured with ring twisting, double-twist, or tritec machines. They differ in the number of twists produced in one operating cycle. Ring twisting is used only for specialty products, whereas double-twisting is standard. 

The yarn twist (number of turns per meter of yarn) is also an important property for yarns and especially for ply-yarn yarns. 

The mechanical properties of ply-yarns are determined by their number of twists per meter. The higher the twist level, the higher their stiffness and tenacity. Apart from the twist level, the direction of the twists is also important when processing ply-yarns. The twist direction is either "S or Z (see Fig. 12.6). Often, S-ply-yarns are combined to create Z-ply-yarns in order to orient the fibers in the axial direction, hence reducing elongation. When describing the twist level of ply-yarns, the twist direction must also be given. 

Twist level and twist direction are often determined by untwisting the ply-yarns. 

---