Tumor necrosis factor-alpha immune response

Mohan, V.P. et al., Effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha on host immune response in chronic persistent tuberculosis Possible role for limiting pathology, Infect. Immun., 69, 1847, 2001. 

There is a great deal of evidence that AmB can exert a number of effects directly on cells of the immune system, and particularly on macrophages to increase nonspecific defense mechanisms against pathogens and cancer cells. These mechanisms include the production of nitric oxide (NO) (32) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) (33), which could contribute to the antifungal and antiparasitic activity of AmB. However, excess TNF-a production could also be responsible for some of the side effects associated with AmB treatment, such as fever and chills. 

Mankertz J, Tavalali S, Schmitz H, Mankertz A, Riecken EO, Fromm M, Schulzke JD (2000) Expression from the human occludin promoter is affected by tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma. J Cell Sci 113 2085-2090 Marinaro M, Fasano A, De Magistris MT (2003) Zonula occludens toxin acts as an adjuvant through different mucosal routes and induces protective immune responses. Infect Immun 71 1897-1902... 

Other components of the innate response include natural killer (NK) cells and a number of cytokines. NK cells lyse certain types of tumor cells and virally infected cells and are a rich source of immune interferon (interferon-y), which stimulates macrophages and T cells hence they are thought to play an important role in host resistance to both neoplastic and viral disease. Type I interferons (interferon a and interferon P) are produced by a number of different cell types and appear very rapidly after viral infection. Type I interferons inhibit viral replication, inhibit cell proliferation, and increase the lytic potential of NK cells and therefore play a role in controlling viral and neoplastic disease. Several cytokines are important in the initiation of inflammatory responses. Those that have received the most attention include tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa), interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6. There are also a number of chemotactic cytokines (including IL-8), called chemokines, which help to mobilize immune cells to the site of injury. 

Pickering, A.K., Merkel, T.J. (2004). Macrophages release tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-12 in response to intracellular Bacillus anthracis spores. Infect. Immun. 72 3069-72. 

Benton KA, VanCott JL, Briles DE. Role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in the host response of mice to bacteremia caused by pneumolysin-deflcient Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect Immun 1998 66(2) 839-842. 

TNF-a Tumor necrosis factor alpha Inhibits tumor cells mediates immune response against bacterial infection induces septic shock, autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammation, and diabetes... 

Surcel H, Syrjala H, Karttunen R, Tapaninaho S, Herva E. Development of Francisella tularensis antigen responses measured as T-lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production (tumor necrosis factor alpha, gamma interferon, and interleukin-2 and -4) during human tularemia. Infect Immun. 1991 59 1948-1953. 

There are many studies about the interaction between obesity, inflammation, and immune response components. Adiponectin, angiotensinogen, adipsin acylation stimulating protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 are proteins secreted by fat cells. These proteins regulate lipid metabolism, inflammation, cardiovascular functions, vascular haemostasis, and immunity [91]. There is growing evidence that low-level inflammation linked to the increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease and associated with... 

The advantages and disadvantages of each method were systematically analyzed. The protein targets examined included Smad proteins (which play a role in cardiac muscle development) and various regulatory proteins found in human serum which are involved in the immune response, including immunoglobin (IgG), interleukin-Ibeta (IL-IP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-13 (IL-13), interferon-gamma (lEN-y) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a). 

---