Immune response components

There are many studies about the interaction between obesity, inflammation, and immune response components. Adiponectin, angiotensinogen, adipsin acylation stimulating protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 are proteins secreted by fat cells. These proteins regulate lipid metabolism, inflammation, cardiovascular functions, vascular haemostasis, and immunity [91]. There is growing evidence that low-level inflammation linked to the increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease and associated with... 

Cellular Components of Adaptive Immune Responses are T- and B-Lymphocytes whereas Humoral Components are Antibodies. 

The role of an immune response to intestinal bacteria in the development of UC may not be as strong a contributing factor as it is in CD. The potential role of environmental factors in the development of UC implies that the immune response is directed against an unknown antigen. The findings that development and severity of UC are reduced in patients who smoke, or in those with appendectomies, may support the theory that these factors may somehow modify either the genetic component or phenotypic response to immunologic stimuli.11,13... 

O T cells are the chief components initiating the immune response against the allograft. The activity of T cells is mediated largely through the synthesis and release of interleukin-2 (IL-2). 

Maintenance immunosuppression generally is achieved by combining two or more medications from the different classes to maximize efficacy by specifically targeting unique components of the immune response. Figure 52-1 presents a schematic representation of these different drug mechanisms, and Fig. 52-2 shows... 

Hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for routine use in children. The first dose should be given within 12 hours of birth. The second and third doses are given at 2 months and 6 months after the first dose if using the single component vaccine, or at 2, 4, and 6 months if using combination vaccines. If the infant weighs less than 2000 g at birth, the birth dose is not counted in the three-dose series. Infants less than 2000 g do not produce an adequate immune response to the birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine. Adolescents should receive the three-dose series if not previously vaccinated.6... 

Many factors have to be considered when developing combination vaccines. First the selected components need to be given on a similar schedule and all components should already be licensed in the United States. The excipients contained in the individual vaccines may interfere with another component when combined, altering a component s immunogenicity. Finally, the immunogenicity of the combination must be similar (within 10%) to the immune response when the components are administered separately. This has been problematic with combinations containing Haemophilus influenza type b vaccine, for which the immune response has been significantly blunted in some combinations.13... 

Taken as a whole, these observations show that parasite lines differ in an immune-dependent manner in their infection/expulsion kinetics. Furthermore, there is heritable variation in survival and fecundity in previously exposed hosts and quantitative variation in the immune response that selected parasite lines elicit. Again, taken as a whole, these observations have the necessary corollary that variation in these traits exists not only in laboratory-maintained isolates but also in helminth species in nature. The phenotypes under consideration here (infection/expulsion kinetics, survival, fecundity) are multifactorial life-history traits. Understanding the basis of variation in the components and interplay of these complex, immune-responsive phenotypes must be of crucial relevance to understanding the immunology of infections of parasitic nematodes. This is of particular relevance in view of current attempts to develop immunological methods of nematode control. 

Muc2 and Muc3, and mucin mRNA are coordinately upregulated in response to T. spiralis infection and may form the basis of an innate mucosal response independent of specific IFN-y, TNF and IL-4 cytokines. Importandy, this study also demonstrated that goblet cell hyperplasia and upregulated mucin secretion are not essential components of the protective immune response to GI helminths. 

Studies with a variety of genetically modified mice have shed new light on the complex relationship between the protective and pathological immune responses controlling parasite infections. TNF and NO are important components of the pathological response accompanying the expulsion of a gastrointestinal nematode parasite. In the absence of TNF-R1 or iNOS, mice do not develop the severe villus atrophy and mucosal mastocytosis that usually accompany infection with T. spiralis, but their ability to expel the... 

The second aspect of biocompatibility is a leaching problem. Ion-selective electrode materials, especially components of solvent polymeric membranes, are subject to leaching upon prolonged contact with physiological media. Membrane components such as plasticizers, ion exchangers and ionophores may activate the clotting cascade or stimulate an immune response. Moreover, they can be potentially toxic when released to the blood stream in significant concentrations. 

Therefore, the unresolved question remains of whether chronic, recurring inflammation is the result of a persistent infection with a specific pathogen, an exaggerated exposure to resident normal luminal bacteria products because of increased intestinal permeability or alteration of mucus composition, or an abnormally aggressive immune response to luminal components. 

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