Trioctyl

TrioctylPhosphate. Trioctyl phosphate [1806-54-8/, C24H 04P, has been employed as a specialty flame-retardant plasticizer for vinyl compositions where low temperature flexibHity is critical, eg, in military tarpaulins. It can be included in blends along with general-purpose plasticizers (qv) such as phthalate esters to improve low temperature flexibHity. 

A/B = alkylated ben2enes TBU = tetrabutyl urea TOP = trioctyl phosphate and DIBC = diisobutyl carbinol. See text. 

Also trioctyl trimellitate (TOTM). Also trioctyl phosphate (TOP). 

Trimelhtate Esters. These materials are produced by the esterification of a range of alcohols with trimeUitic anhydride (TMA), which is similar ia stmcture to phthaHc anhydride with the exception of the third functionaHty (COOH) on the aromatic ring. Consequendy, esters are produced ia the ratio of three moles of alcohol to one mole of anhydride. Common esters ia this family are tris-2-ethyhexyl trimeUitate (trioctyl trimeUitate, TOTM) L79TM, an ester of mixed semilinear C and C alcohols and L810TM, an ester of mixed linear Cg and C q alcohols. 

Tris-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate (TEHP, tri-isooctylphosphate, "trioctyl" phosphate, [78-42-2 25103-23-5] M 434.6, b 186"/lmm, 219"/5mm, d 0.92042, n 1.44464. TEHP, in an equal volume of diethyl ether, was shaken with aqueous 5% HCl and the organic phase was filtered to remove... 

Acids such as sulfuric or nitric acids or bases such as sodium hydroxide may catalyze the hydrolysis of PET. It has been demonstrated that the rate of alkaline PET hydrolysis increases in the presence of quaternary ammonium compounds.26 27 Niu et al.26 reported an increase in the rate of alkaline PET degradation in the presence of dodecylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride at 80°C. Polk et al.27 reported increases in the rate of sodium hydroxide depolymerization of PET in the presence of trioctylmethylammonium chloride, trioctyl-methylammonium bromide, and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide at 80° C. 

In an attempt to create particles with different sizes and properties, ligands other than dodecanethiol were used to create polydispersed colloids from the SMAD method. Thus, dodecylamine, trioctyl phosphine, and dodecyl alcohol were used in addition to dodecanethiol. The results of these studies led to nearly monodispersed stable colloids for the phosphine protected particles at 6.3 nm in diameter (Figure 13). 

Figure 13. TEM micrograph of trioctyl phosphine (TOP)-stabilized Ag nanoparticles.

DMII = N,N-dimethyl imidazohum iodide DEII = N,N-diethyl imidazohum iodide BMII = N-butyl-N-methyl imidazohum iodide [Etpy]I = N-ethyl pyridinium iodide [pyMe]I = N-methyl pyridinium iodide MTOPI = methyl trioctyl phosphonium iodide [BusPMe] = methyl tributyl phosphonium iodide. 

The extractant is di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (DEHPA) in conjuction with trioctyl phosphine oxide (TOPO). Stripping is by ammonium carbonate, and uranium precipitates as ammonium uranyl tricarbonate. The mixture shows a synergistic effect. The mixture is stable, and extracts uranium in hexavalent state. 

Gd gestational day (Gl) = gastric intubation (GO) = gavage in oil Hemato - hematological incr. = increased IPTPP = isopropyl triphenyl phosphate LD = lethal dose, 50% kill LOAEL = lowest-observed-adverse-effect level M = male MCV = mean corpuscular volume MCHC = mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration mo = month(s) Musc/skel = musculoskeletal NOAEL = no-observed-adverse-effect level NS = not specified NTE = neurotoxic esterase RBC red blood cell Resp = respiratory TBEP = tributoxyethyl phosphate TBP = tributyl phosphate TMP = trimethyl phosphate TNBP = tri-n-butyl phosphate TOP = trioctyl phosphate wk = week(s) x = times yr = year(s). 

No gross or histological hepatic alterations were observed in rabbits exposed to <480 mg/kg/day or chickens exposed to up to 720 mg/kg/day, respectively, of Cellulube 220 for an acute duration (Carpenter et al. 1959). No hepatic effects were reported in rats exposed to 50 mg/kg/day of Pydraul 90E for an intermediate duration (Monsanto 1979). Several intermediate-exposure rat studies showed liver effects for organophosphate esters. Liver weight increases were shown for tributyl phosphate at 250 mg/kg/day (Laham et al. 1985 Oishi et al. 1982), trioctyl phosphate at 250 mg/kg/day (Oishi et al. 1982),... 

Formation of trioctyl phosphine complex, ether extraction... 

Korkisch and Koch [106,107] determined low concentrations of uranium in seawater by extraction and ion exchange in a solvent system containing trioctyl phosphine oxide. Uranium is extracted from the sample solution (adjusted to be 1 M in hydrochloric acid and to contain 0.5% of ascorbic acid) with 0.1 M trioctylphos-phine oxide in ethyl ether. The extract is treated with sufficient 2-methoxyethanol and 12 M hydrochloric acid to make the solvent composition 2-methoxyethanol-0.1 M ethereal trioctylphosphine acid-12 M hydrochloric acid (9 10 1) this solution is applied to a column of Dowex 1-X8 resin (Cl" form). Excess of trioctylphosphine oxide is removed by washing the column with the same solvent mixture. Molybdenum is removed by elution with 2-methoxyethanol-30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide-12 M hydrochloric... 

An aqueous solution of 0.02 M methyl acetate at 25 C was passed through a column of trioctyl phosphate ( on a cellulose base) which acted as an acid catalytst. The reaction is... 

Other less common nucleation promoters/plasticizers for PET include V-ethyl-toluenesulfonamide and trioctyl trimellitate. 

Fig. 4.5 Relative increase, DIDo in extraction of hexafluoroacetylacetone (HFA) into hexane from O.IM NaC104 at pH = 2, at different concentrations of the adduct trioctyl-phosphine oxide (TOPO) in the organic phase. The fitted curve is D D = 1 H- 10 [TOPO] g + 10 [TOPO] g. (From Ref. 9.)... 

Fig. 4.12 Enhancement of Zn(ll) extraction, D Do, from 1 M NaC104 into carbon tetrachloride containing the complexing extractants acetylacetone (O), trifluoroacetone (A), or hexafluoroacetone ( ) as a function of the concentration of the adduct former trioctyl phosphine oxide (B). The curves are fitted with Eq. (4.50) using the constants log Km = 3.01 (AA), 6.70 (TEA), 7.0 (TEA), and Km = 4.66 (AA), nil (TEA), 11.6 (HEA). (Erom Ref. 24.)...

Extraction of metals from chloride solutions into kerosene containing trioctyl amine (TOA), as illustrated by Fig. 1.3, has found application in the production of pure Co and Ni metals from their ores, as discussed in Chapter 11. The aqueous phase contains the Co and Ni in addition to other metals in chloride solution, where the chloride concentration goes to 300 g/L (i.e., about 8.5 M). At this high aqueous ionic strength, a rigorous mathematical treatment of the system would require the use of activities in order to explain the extraction... 

Table 4.15 Equilibrium Constants of Trioctyl Amine Salts [Eq. (4.61)]... 

Ejfect of temperature Luisi et al. [26] reported that the temperature markedly affected the transfer of a-chymotrypsin in a chloroform-trioctyl-methylammonium chloride (TOMAQ system. By increasing the temperature from 25-40°C, about 50% higher transfer yield was realized. No appreciable transfer of glucagone took place at room temperature, whereas transfer at 37°C was possible. These results contradict work by Dekker et al. [27], who studied the back stripping (desolubilization) of a-amylase from a TOMAC/isooctane/octanol/Rewopal HV5 system by increasing the temperature. This caused a decrease in Wo with increasing temperature and, as a result, the a-amylase was expelled from the reverse micelle phase. 

Plasticizers account for 60% of the use of 2-ethylhexanol (especially dioctyl phthalate, 34% dioctyl adipate, 5% and trioctyl trimellitate, 4%). About 17% goes toward the making of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate for adhesives and coatings, and 7% for 2-ethylhexylnitrate. 

Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) dodecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB) tetradecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (TTAB) trioctyl-methyl ammonium chloride (TOMAC) N-benzyl-N-dodecyl-hf-bis(2-hy-droxy ethyl) ammonium chloride (BDBAC) cetyl pyridinimn chloride (CPC) quaternary ammonium salt with carbon atoms of R ranging from 8-10 (CHj Rj N+ CL) (Aliquat 336)... 

In 1969, 31 subjects had ocular Instillations of either 0.12 or 0.25X CS In water with 0.5X polyaorbate 20 or 0.05- 1.0Z CS In trioctyl phosphate In their right eyes. The subjects experienced intense ocular Irritation and lacrlmatlon. Acute conjunctival Injection lasted 1 h. No fluorescein staining of the cornea was seen under ultraviolet Illumination. In one subject, corneal staining, visualized with the slit lamp, resolved In 24 h.34 35... 

Die nukleophile Substitution der Sulfonyloxy-Gruppe von Methansulfonsaure-butylester in Dichlormethan mit uberschussigem Kaliumnitrit unter Katalyse mit Methyl-trioctyl-ammoniumchlorid liefert Nitro-butan (32%)3 ... 

---