Ionic aqueous

Coadsorption of HF and HgO has shown that we can grow in UHV an, if not yet demonstrably the, ionic aqueous environment with controlled pH and composition. 

Oster (1984) and colleagues have proposed the following model. The actin-filament network is a net negatively-charged, cross-linked (with filamin) polymer network, contained within an ionic aqueous environment This may thus be considered as a charged polymer trapped within a semi-... 

SIT.IGEN FA is the non-ionic, aqueous solution of an oxy-alkylation product with medium viscosity. It is soluble in cold water. It precipitates from its aqueous solution when heated to about 40C, but dissolves again on cooling. 

Gelabert H, Gauduel Y. (1996) Short-time electron transfer processes in ionic aqueous solution Counterion and H/D isotope effects on electron-atom pairs relaxation.Chem 100 13993-14004. 

Going beyond solutions of electrolytes in water, several other possibilities need consideration electrolytes in nonaqueous solvents, nonelectrolytic behavior in solutions, and nonelectrolytes in nonaqueous solvents. None of the theories proposed for the quantitative prediction of solution behavior has been as successful as that of Debye and Huckel for dilute ionic aqueous solutions. Nevertheless, general trends can be predicted. 

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations play a fundamental role in understanding the microscopic structure and the dynamics of matter in its several states. Water and ionic aqueous solutions have been extensively investigated with these techniques. The success of classical MonteCarlo and MD simulations depends strongly on accurate representations of the forces between particles. On the other hand, these forces represented by complex functional forms lead to impracticable long simulation times. Therefore, a compromise must be taken between accuracy and simplicity in the representation of the forces acting on a particle. 

Ionic Aqueous salts Nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, chromatogr hy... 

The experiments reported here were formulated with the intention of uncovering, in as much detail as possible, the environment existing within a cellulosic fiber in contact with an ionic aqueous phase. Measurements were made at room temperature ( 25°C) and at 90°C. The salt used most extensively was NaaS04 and measurements were made on the uptake of both cation and anion as a function of the concentration of the bath at 25°C and 90°C and as a function of pH at 25°C. In addition, the uptake of the direct dye, Chrysophenine G, and the effect of the dye on the salt uptake were studied at 90°C. It was also necessary to perform some measurements relating to the stability of the fibers. Finally, some measurements were made on the uptake of the Br ion from NaBr solutions. 

More recently, femtosecond photophysical and photochemical investigations of electron-transfer processes in ionic aqueous solutions have been performed in diluted and concentrated aqueous ionic solutions (83-86). These experimental advances provide guidance for quantum molecular (MD) simulations of short-lived couphngs between newly created solute electronic states and solvent molecules (87-89). The femtosecond spectroscopy of charge-transfer processes in ionic solutions represents a good tool for the investigation of elementary chemical steps at the microscopic level. 

Figure 11. Schematic representation of sequential events of an SNj ionization reaction in a polar liquid. Elementary events involve contact ion pairs (CIP) and solvent-separated ion pairs (SSIP). In ionic aqueous solutions, the influence of different ion-pair configurations on early electron-transfer trajectories can be considered through the investigation of ultrafast electronic dynamics and radical ion-...

Chen, K. R, S. Y. Song, and D. F. Xue. 2014. An ionic aqueous pseudocapacitor system Electroactive ions in both a salt electrode and redox electrolyte. RSC Advances 4 23338-23343. 

The superprimer formulation is usually based on an ionic or non-ionic aqueous resin dispersion. The solid content of the water-borne resin is often around 55wt% and it may contain small amounts of organic solvents. Typical resins used in the primers are epoxies, acrylates and polyurethanes. The minor binder is incorporated in order to improve a particular coating property such as cold formability. Table 1 gives an overview of the family of superprimers based on different resin-cross-linker-silane-pigment combinations invented and investigated in our laboratory [7-11]. 

The bisphenol A novolac epoxy resin is a non-ionic aqueous dispersion of a polyfunctional aromatic epoxy resin. It contains reactive epoxide functionality and is intended for high performance applications which require maximum chemical and solvent resistance and/or elevated temperature service. This thixotropic dispersion contains no organic solvent and is completely water reducible. Upon evaporation of water, the novolac epoxy coalesces to... 

Molten oxide Ionic Molten-salt Ionic Aqueous electrolyte Ionic Solid-state ionic conductor Ionic... 

Clay modified electrodes are used in fundamental studies of electron transfer, and in the construction of sensor devices. The ionic aqueous environment in the interlayer region is highly amenable to electrochemical processes. Furthermore, this enviromnent is controllable and fairly innocuous, allowing many different species to retain their activity. Molecular recognition, chemical catalysis, electrocatalysis, and preconcentration of analyte molecules are all applications of this class of modified electrodes. A condensed list of clay modified electrodes is given in Table 8.4. Reference (96), Table 6.1 on pages 280-281 contains a more comprehensive list. 

Any of the methods used in classical Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations may be borrowed in the combined QM/MM approach. However, the use of a finite system in condensed phase simulations is always a severe approximation, even when appropriate periodic or stochastic boundary conditions are employed. A further complication is the use of potential function truncation schemes, particular in ionic aqueous solutions where the long-range Coulombic interactions are significant beyond the cutoff distance.Thus, it is alluring to embed a continuum reaction field model in the quantum mechanical calculations in addition to the explicit solute—solvent interaaions to include the dielectric effect beyond the cutoff distance. - uch an onion shell arrangement has been used in spherical systems, whereas Lee and Warshel introduced an innovative local reaction field method for evaluation of long-... 

Ionic aqueous solutions - in the case of ionic solutions, we first draw up a list of all the species (ions and neutral molecules) present in the solution. Then, we write Bronsted s weak-acid-weak-base equilibria and the redox reactions, the complexation reactions and finally the reactions of precipitation of solid phases. 

Convention (III), the molar solution reference, is often used for ionic aqueous solutions, although in the latter case, the chosen reference is often the solution whose molarity tends toward zero, which does not change the chemical potential of the reference state. ... 

Convention (III), molar reference solution, is mainly used for ionic aqueous solutions, even though in the previous case, the reference chosen is... 

The femtosecond spectroscopic data summarized in the table 1 demonstrate that the reactivity of electron trapping in concentrated ionic aqueous solutions is identical to what has been observed in pure liquid water. These experiments, which involved electron photodetachement from the ferrocyanide ion demonstrate that electron solvation does not proceed through a direct electron capture by pre-existing deep traps suggested as previously (Wiesenfeld and Ippen, 1980). 

So, the mechanism of solvation of electron in concentrated ionic aqueous solutions procceeds through at least two transitions involving a transient state infrared absorbing and a subsequent fully hydrated state. 

This hypothesis can explain the similar trapping and solvation time obtained in water and ionic aqueous solution. 

For ionic compounds, AZ/joiute. the energy required to separate the solute into its constituent particles, is the negative of the solute s lattice energy (Absolute — A f a ice), discussed in Section 9.4. For ionic aqueous solutions, then, the overall enthalpy of solution depends on the relative magnitudes of Absolute and A//hydration, with three possible scenarios (in each case we refer to the magnitude (absolute value) of A//) ... 

The actual value of the double-layer capacitance depends on many variables including electrode type, electrochemical potential, oxide layers, electrode surface heterogeneity, impurity adsorption, media type, temperature, etc. [1, pp. 45-48]. Capacitance of the double layer also largely depends on the intermolecular structure of the analyzed media, such as the dielectric constant (or high-frequency permittivity), concentration and types of conducting species, electron-pair donicity, dipole moment, molecular size, and shape of solvent molecules. Systematic correlation with dielectric constant is lacking and complex, due to ionic interactions in the solution. In ionic aqueous solutions with supporting electrolyte ("supported system") the values of -10-60 pF/ cm are typically experimentally observed for thin double layers and solution permittivity e - 80. The double-layer capacitance values for nonpolar dielec-... 

Chemical Composition Non-ionic aqueous emulsifier with crosslinker... 

These nuclei can provide unique information, for example, about guest-ion incorporation in the principal cement minerals, interactions between cement and admixtures (e.g. superplasticisers) and the impact of exposure of hardened cements to ionic aqueous solutions, including waste materials. 

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