Tri-n-butyl phosphate

Fig. 3. Basic PUREX process where TBP = tri — n — butyl phosphate.

Tri-n-butyl phosphate, ( -C4H9)3P04. This solvent is useful for the extraction of metal thiocyanate complexes, of nitrates from nitric acid solution (e.g. cerium, thallium, and uranium), of chloride complexes, and of acetic acid from aqueous solution. In the analysis of steel, iron(III) may be removed as the soluble iron(III) thiocyanate . The solvent is non-volatile, non-flammable, and rapid in its action. 

Water samples showing contamination by phenols are best examined by extracting the phenol into an organic solvent tri-n-butyl phosphate is very suitable for this purpose. Photometric measurements can be carried out on the extract, and the requisite alkaline conditions are achieved by the addition of tetra-n-butylammonium hydroxide. 

Prepare an alkaline solution of the phenol concentrate by placing 4.0 mL of a tri-n-butyl phosphate layer in a 5 mL graduated flask and then adding 1.0 mL of the tetra-n-butylammonium hydroxide do this for each of the four solutions. The reference solution consists of 4 mL of the organic layer (in which the phenol is undissociated) plus 1 mL of methanol. Measure the absorbance of each of the extracts from the four test solutions and plot a calibration curve. 

Titrimetric apparatus see Graduated glassware Toluene-3,4-dithiol see Dithiol Tongs for crucibles and beakers, 98 Transmittance 648 conversion to absorbance, 709 Triangulation 245 Triethanolamine 317 Tri-n-butyl phosphate 171 Triethyl phosphate in homogeneous pptn. 425 Triethylenetetramine-fV,fV,fV, yV",fV", fV "-hexa acetic acid (TTHA) 57 Trifluoroacetylacetone 170, 237 Trimethyl phosphate in homogeneous pptn., 425... 

Cosolvents and Complexing Agents Many nonvolatile polar substances cannot be dissmved at moderate temperatures in nonpolar fluids such as CO2. Cosolvents (also called entrainers) such as alcohols and acetone have been added to fluids to raise the solvent strength for organic solutes and even metals. The addition of only 2 mol % of the complexing agent tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) to CO2 increases the solubility of hydroquinone by a factor of 250 due to Lewis acid-base interactions. 

Gd gestational day (Gl) = gastric intubation (GO) = gavage in oil Hemato - hematological incr. = increased IPTPP = isopropyl triphenyl phosphate LD = lethal dose, 50% kill LOAEL = lowest-observed-adverse-effect level M = male MCV = mean corpuscular volume MCHC = mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration mo = month(s) Musc/skel = musculoskeletal NOAEL = no-observed-adverse-effect level NS = not specified NTE = neurotoxic esterase RBC red blood cell Resp = respiratory TBEP = tributoxyethyl phosphate TBP = tributyl phosphate TMP = trimethyl phosphate TNBP = tri-n-butyl phosphate TOP = trioctyl phosphate wk = week(s) x = times yr = year(s). 

Characteristic 2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate Isodecyl diphenyl phosphate Tri-n-butyl phosphate Tris-isopropyl phenyl phosphate... 

Healy CE, Beyrouty PC, Broxup BR. 1995. Acute and subchronic neurotoxicity studies with tri-n-butyl phosphate in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Am Ind Hyg Assoc, 56 349-355. 

Laham S, Long G, Broxup B. 1984. Subacute oral toxicity of Tri-n-butyl Phosphate in the Sprague-Dawley rat. J Appl Toxicol 4(3) 150-154. 

WHO. 1991. Environmental health criteria for tri-n-butyl phosphate. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. 

Various organic extractants may be used, including butyl and amyl alcohols, di-isopropyl ether, tri-n-butyl phosphate, and tri-2-ethylhexyl phosphate. The fluoride remains with the... 

Prayon One of the Wet processes for making phosphoric acid by reacting phosphate rock with sulfuric acid. The byproduct is gypsum, calcium sulfate dihydrate. It uses a compartmentalized, multi-section, lined, concrete reactor, with finishing tanks in which the gypsum crystals mature. In 1990 one third of the wet process phosphoric acid made in the Western World was made in this way. The process was developed in 1977 by the Societe de Prayon, Belgium. Variations are known as PH2, PHI 1, and PH12. One variation uses solvent extraction with isopropyl ether and tri-n-butyl phosphate. 

Purex [Plutonium and uranium recovery by extraction] A process for the solvent extraction of plutonium from solutions of uranium and fission products, obtained by dissolving spent nuclear fuel elements in nitric acid. The solvent is tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) in... 

Thorex [Thorium extraction] A process for separating the products from the nuclear breeder reaction in which uranium-233 is produced by the neutron bombardment of thorium-232. It uses solvent extraction into tri-n-butyl phosphate. Developed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN, in the early 1960s. See also Butex, Purex, Redox. 

Tri-n-butyl phosphate Lithium based grease Lubricating oil Pump oil... 

Curves similar to those in Fig. 4 have also been observed with cyclohexanone, tri-n-butyl phosphate and with solutions of TBP in a liquid hydrocarbon. The extraction increases rapidly upon the addition of small amounts of acid and, after a maximum value is reached, an exponential decrease is observed. Some of the higher extraction coefficients of organic liquids or solutions are given in Table 6. The values have been selected from data found by Boyd and Larson . 

Fig. 5. Extraction of pertechnetate from aqueous salt solutions with tri-n-butyl phosphate ...

Swain, N., Panda, D., Singh, S.K., and Chakravortty, l. "Viscosity and density of tri-n-butyl phosphate + benzene + o-xylene... 

Turoff, M.L.H., and Denting, S.N. (1977), Optimization of the Extraction of Iron(Il) from Water into Cyclohexane with Hexafluoroacetylacetone and Tri-n-Butyl Phosphate, Talanta, 24, 567-571. 

The applicability of Eq. (2.63) was tested for some 180 individual solutes (with up to 10 carbon atoms) and 25 dry solvents by stepwise multivariable Unear regression and for 28 solutes and 9 dry solvents by target factor analysis essentially the same conclusions and universal coefficients were obtained by both methods. As an example of the application of Eq. (2.63), the distribution of succinic acid between water and chloroform (a dry solvent with = 0.0048) and tri-n-butyl phosphate (a wet solvent with Xw = 0.497) may be cited [13]. 

Eor the former solvent log D = -1.92 (experimental) vs. -1.98 (calculated) and for the latter log D = 0.76 (experimental) vs. 0.88 (calculated). Obviously, succinic acid with two carboxylic groups that strongly donate hydrogen bonds (assigned a = 1.12 as for acetic acid) prefers the basic (in the Lewis basicity, hydrogen-bond-accepting sense) tri-n-butyl phosphate ( i = 0.82, measured for the wet solvent) over water (P = 0.47) and naturally also chloroform (P = 0.10). 

Organophosphate triesters (OPERs) are used as flame retardants and/or plasticizers in a wide range of polymers, in furniture upholstery, insulation, wall coverings, and floor finishing products. Triethyl phosphate (TEP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tri-iso-butyl phosphate (T/BP), tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) are commonly used as plasticizers in polymers,... 

World Health Organisation (WHO) (1991a) Tri-n-butyl phosphate. Environmental Health Criteria 112. WHO, Geneva... 

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