Trends and developments

1 Ishida, H. (1993) Controlled interphases in glass fiber and particulate reinforced polymers structure of silane coupling agents in solutions and on substrates. Appl. Sci., 230, 169-199. 

2 Skudelny, D. (1987) Silanisierte fiillstoffe und ihre einsatzgebiete. Kunststoffe, 77 (11), 1153-1156. 

3 Ramney, M.W., Berger, S.E., and Marsden, J.G. (1972) Silane coupling agents in particulate mineral-filled composites. Proceedings of the Annual Reinforced Plastics/Composites Institute, Society of Plastic Industry (SPI), 21D, 

4 Marsden, J.G. (1970) Silicone coupling agents and primers for thermosets, thermoplasts, and elastomers. Appl. Polym. Symp., 14, 107-120. 

6 Arkles, B. (1977) Tailoring surfaces with silanes. Chemtech, 7, 766-778. 

Namral cellulose fibres have effectively demonstrated their qualities when fibre materials are considered from an ecological perspective. The use of natural fibres as a CO2 neutral resource has been promoted to work toward to a greener planet. Also, relentless competition from synthetics and the current global economic downturn have influenced the livelihoods of millions of people who depend on natural fibre production and processing. 

The natural fibre industries employ a large number of individuals throughout the world, especially in the developing countries. Because major nonfood commodity natural fibres and their products are processed in many small- and large-scale industries, consumers across the world would benefit fiom the provided products. 

There are a lot of applications of jute and coir geotextiles. These fibres have been introduced to the soil in India for decades. Some case studies are summarized here. 

1 Construction of highway embankment on soft marine soil at Kakinada Port, India 

The Munshirhat—R pur Road is a rural road in Howrah, India, which was to be widened to improve traffic. In 2000, jute geotextile was laid on the extended portion of the road. The subgrade CBR was stroigfliened by the use of jute geotextiles and achieved a CBR value of 6% from 3.5% with a noticeable reduction in liquid and plastic limits. No road distress is visible and the travel surface of the pavement is absolutely smooth. 

The various strategies and methodologies for element speciation are discussed in depth in the first part of this book, Techniques for Speciation . This chapter deals with current trends and recent developments in techniques and with recent examples of their application in different compartments of the environment. It also presents recent studies on the speciation of a group of biologically important elements. 

Selective extraction procedures have been used for many years in order to obtain fractions of samples for subsequent analysis. The analytical data have then been used to elucidate the species present in the original sample. Concern has been expressed about the meaning of the results, because most results are operationally defined (see Chapters 1 and 10). Some current research is resulting in answers to the problems associated with selective extractions. Again, the need for certified reference materials is evident (see Chapter 6). 

Several reviews on speciation and analytical methods have appeared in the literature (Ure, 1990 Donard and Martin, 1992 Van Loon and Barefoot, 1992 Lobinski, 1997). References to other publications of a review nature occur throughout this chapter. Some books dealing in whole or in part with analytical methods have been published (Broekaert et al., 1990 Quevauviller et al., 1995). 

Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometric detectors are used to monitor chromatographic separations. However, this type of detection offers very little specificity. Element specific detectors are much more useful and important. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICPAES) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) are often used in current studies. The highest sensitivity is achieved by graphite furnace-AAS and ICP-MS. The former is used off-line while the latter is coupled to the chromatographic column and is used on-line . 

A number of investigations of metal-containing biomolecules are described in this chapter. The elements include aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, copper, gold, lead, platinum and zinc. 

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A.A. Stolker, Current trends and development in sample preparation, in Proceedings of the EuroResidue IV Conference, Veldhoven, The Netherlands, pp. 148-158 (2000). 

KY Law, Organic photoconductive materials recent trends and developments, Chem. Rev., 93 449-486, 1993. 

Shaw96b] Shaw, M., and D. Garlan. 1996. Formulations and Formalisms in Software Architecture. In Computer Science Today Recent Trends and Developments, pp. 307-323, Jan van Leeuwen, Ed. New York Springer-Verlag. 

Incident data collected by OSHA and EPA provide no functional capability to track reactive incidents so as to analyze incident trends and develop preventive actions at a national level. 

Brahmachari G (2006) Prospects of natural products research in the 21st century A sketch, hi Brahmachari G (ed). Chemistry of Natural Products Recent Trends and Developments, pp. 1-22, Research Signpost, Trivandrum, India... 

Hage DS, Anguizola JA, Bi C, Li R, Matsuda R, Papastavros E, Pfaunmiller E, Vargas J, Zheng X. Pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of affinity chromatography Recent trends and developments. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, (in press). 

Engel, K.-H., Heidlas, J., Albrecht, W. and Tressl, R. (1989) in Flavor Chemistry. Trends and Developments. A-C-S-Symp-Ser-Am-Chem-Soc, (Teranishi, R.,... 

This paper will discuss, after a short summary of the theoretical principles, the trends and developments of LAPS-based measurement devices, followed by new developments and future possible tasks and challenges. 

LeBlanc, G. (1999). Current trends and developments in sample preparation. LC-GC 17 S30-S37. 

This second edition retains the structure of the first edition. It aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current science of speciation, covering relevant methodological, analytical and modelling aspects as well as giving an overview of recent work on speciation in various spheres. It is divided into two parts, the first dealing with the more methodological aspects and the second with specific compartments of the environment, with the speciation of radionuclides, and presents a review of current trends and developments. 

MBR technology is probably the membrane process that has had most success and has the best prospects for the future in wastewater treatment. Trends and developments also indicate that this technology is becoming accepted and is rapidly becoming the best available technology (BAT) for many wastewater-treatment applications. The cost of an MBR plant for secondary treatment is still higher than that for a CAS plant, but as the numbers of MBR plants increase, and as membrane costs fall, the life cycle cost differential will soon disappear, and the process advantages should lead to rapid uptake of the MBR system by the... 

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