Recent Developments and Trends

The key industry drivers are based mainly on cost reduction, reduced energy consumption, and environmental issues. The main components of economy where UV/EB technology has been growing are  

Development of new encapsulation methods is time- and effort-consuming, requiring a multidisciplinary approach. In contrast with foods, materials used for fragrance encapsulation are not subject to the extensive legislation that applies to food approval. This makes the use of new materials as matrix materials easier. Some new developments with potential for the near future are discussed next. 

Nanotechnology is hot in the world of science [36]. Research focuses on properties, which arise from scaling down structural features of materials to the nanometre range. Two strategies are used to make nanostructured materials  

Bottom up-build from individual atoms or molecules capable of self-assemblage 

The most important materials developed are nanocomposites and nanotubes. Fabrication of the first nanocomposites was inspired by nature (biomineralisation). Nanocomposites based on nanoclays and plastics are seen as ideal materials for improved barrier properties against oxygen, water, carbon dioxide and volatiles [37]. This makes them in particular suitable for retaining flavours in foods. The technology is rather straightforward using commercially available nanoclays and extrusion processing. 

Even newer generations of nanomaterials are based on carbon nanotubes using the bottom-up approach. The materials are still very expensive, but the technology is evolving rapidly. Another type of nanotube has been prepared based on self-assembly of specific molecules such as chitosan-based nanoparticles of polypeptides, DNA or synthetic polymers. Phospholipids or dendrimer-coated particles are suitable for the entrapment of actives in very small vesicles. The current materials are still lacking in selectivity and yield (costs). 

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Because the mechanisms of the Peterson reaction, a synthetic alternative to the Wittig reaction, have recently been reviewed [13, 14], this section will try only to summarize recent developments and trends concerning the Peterson reaction. 

G. Jeschke, Electron paramagnetic resonance Recent developments and trends, Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci., 7 (2003) 181-188. 

Recent Developments and Trends EB Processing in Tire Technology... 

The material is organized in sections grouped according to the central atom of the attacking nucleophile. The coverage is not exhaustive, but hopefully representative of recent developments and trends. 

As before, the book is broadly divided into two parts, the first dealing with methodology, including the use of quality control, and the second outlining speciation in various compartments of the environment. The final chapter summarises recent developments and trends. 

Beller, M., Seayad, J., Tillack, A., and Jiao, H. (2004) Catalytic Markovnikov and anti-Markovnikov functionalization of alkenes and alkynes recent developments and trends. Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, 43, 3368-3398. 

General Introduction. Recent Developments and Trends in the Economy of Latin America, E/CN.12/217, 16 April 1951. 

J.L. Burguera, M. Burguera, Flow injection-electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry configurations recent developments and trends, Spectrochim. Acta B 56 (2001) 1801. 

NAA, XRF, and isotope dilution analysis, by listing the parameters analytes determinable, concentration ranges, selectivity, analysis time and cost. Vandecasteele (1991) presents a review of recent developments and trends in instrumental and radiochemical neutron activation analysis as well as charged particle activation analysis and performance comparison with ICP-MS. 

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