Tree utilization

Hse, C.-Y., Proc. of Complete Tree Utilization of Southern Pine Symposium, (1978)... 

We can only speculate on the true size of the total timber resource of the United States. To date, all of the inventories and surveys on a national scale have been based on volume measurements of the merchantable parts of trees. Tables I, II, and III reflect this. Merchantable volume is a vague term, particularly since merchantability limits are rapidly changing. The concept of whole-tree utilization has reinforced this confusion. With the development of whole-tree harvesting methods, previously non-merchantable parts of the tree are chipped and used for pulp and paper, composite products, and fuel. These new concepts of utilization make the whole tree the basic unit of measurement. Since accurate volume determination is difficult on irregular shaped objects, weight of biomass is the new standard of measure for all tree components. 

Because traditional testing, such as melt flow index, ash content and tensile testing, may not provide enough information to avoid processing defects, the more complete analysis is desirable. Here, the data is entered into a computer aided quality (CAQ) system for analysis and comparison with specifications. The decision tree utilized is typical of what might be used for this class of materials. This same approach can be used for failure analysis of these materials in the product. 

In this brief review we will generally restrict ourselves to monoaryl compounds found in woody plants of commercial interest in forestry and agriculture. Beca.use similar monoaryl compounds are often found both in wood and in bark and because there is growing interest in whole-tree utilization, as well as in the use of plant phenols and other extractives as chemicals and other technical products, we... 

Hemingway R W 1978 Adhesives from southern pine bark. A review of past and current approaches to resin formulation problems. In Proc Complete Tree Util Southern Pines. For Prod Res Soc Madison WI, 443-457... 

Palm kernel oil [8023-79-8] obtained from the nuts of the palm tree, is another frequently utilized vegetable oil and is somewhat similar in properties and composition to coconut oil (see Table 1). 

The forest products industry encompasses a broad spectrum of operations which range from the raismg of trees, through cutting and removing the timber, to complete utilization of the wood residue (17). 

The Spray tree is used to distribute water over the wet deck in counterflow cooling towers. It can consist of a single header fitted with spray nozzles or, it can utilize spray branches with nozzles for wider coverage. Spray nozzle designers seek minimal pressure requirements and uniform coverage over wide flow ranges. 

System designers often think dampers bloek airflow and are suitable to prevent baek drafts in idle towers. This is not the ease. Airfoil dampers simply hamper fan housing efficiency- they do not block airflow. Air Inlet Screens are always part of blow through, counterflow towers to protect people from rotating equipment. Some designs can be a hazard when accessible from the underside and require the specifier to call out additional screening. They can be a worthwhile accessory when there are nearby trees even when not required for safety reasons. Air inlet screens should be eliminated on towers utilizing inlet ductwork. Inlet ductwork may also make it necessary to block extraneous air entry such as from the underside when towers are elevated. 

Two types of initiators are internal and external. Internal initiators result from failures within a plant or the plant s support utilities. Thus, vessel rupture, human error, cooling failure, and loss of offsite power are internal events. All others are external events earthquakes, tornados, fires (external or internal), and floods (external or internal). Event trees can be used to analyze either type of initiator. 

Event trees and fault trees work together to model plant accidents, but the demarcation be tween them is the choice of the analysts. This has resulted in two styles 1) small event tree-large fault tree (SELF), and 2) large event tree-small fault tree (LESF). SELF is the style used in WASH-1400, in NRC sponsored PSAs, and in several utility PSAs. LESF was introduced by PL G in the Oyster Creek PSA and used subsequently by PL G and several utilities,... 

Utilizing only the simple lower bounding scheme with the bottleneck machine fixed to the last machine, we generate the branching tree given in Fig. 3, where much of the detail has been suppressed. The boldface numbers indicate the size of the subtrees (i.e., the number of nodes in the subtree) beneath the node. 

A general scheme for the bloassay directed Isolation and characterization of antimicrobial agents from plants Is presented and discussed. The utility of the procedure Is demonstrated by the characterization of two antimicrobial alkaloids from the tulip tree, Llrlodendron tullplfera L. The generalization of the approach to the study of allelopathic agents In plants Is suggested. 

We wish to emphasize that our success for characterization of the substances responsible for the antimicrobial activity found in the tulip tree was due to utilization of a plan of procedure which incorporates the following elements ... 

Approximately eight pounds of fruit constituted each analytical sample 11, 14), the number of fruits per sample varied from ten to thirty. Fruits were selected at random from within a peripheral band around the tree 3 to 6 feet above the ground. Individual samples were constituted with fruits from six to eight trees and replicate samples were taken from different groups of trees. In some cases, samples of deciduous fruits were collected from three trees and additionally involved a portion of fruit from the upper quarter of the tree. Duplicate, or more generally triplicate, samples were utilized for analyses. All fruits for penetration studies were collected in paper bags, which were immediately stapled to ensure sample integrity. 

Assessments of risks associated with the use of chlorpyrifos insecticide products for workers have been made. The assessments are based on the results of field studies conducted in citrus groves, a Christmas tree farm, cauliflower and tomato fields, and greenhouses that utilized both passive dosimetry and biomonitoring techniques to determine exposure. The biomonitoring results likely provide the best estimate of absorbed dose of chlorpyrifos, and these have been compared to the acute and chronic no observed effect levels (NOELs) for chlorpyrifos. Standard margin-of-exposure (MOE) calculations using the geometric mean of the data are performed however, probability (Student s f-test) and distributional (Monte Carlo simulation) analyses are deemed to provide more realistic evaluations of exposure and risk to the exposed population. 

---