Volume, determination

Before a volume determination can be estimated, a corrected water table contour map is prepared that depicts the configuration of the water table excluding the 

The resulting LNAPL thickness is conservative in that it incorporates both the actual thickness of LNAPL in the adjacent formation and the height of the capillary fringe. For most practical purposes, this level of accuracy is sufficient, although the more complex and extensive the site conditions, the more sophisticated approaches may be warranted, as discussed later in this chapter. 

Determination of actual LNAPL thickness in the formation is important in providing reasonable estimates of the volume of free product in the subsurface. This, in turn, allows for reasonable estimates of time frame for recovery, as well as provides a mechanism for monitoring the efficiency and effectiveness of a recovery operation. The efficiency and effectiveness of many large-scale recovery operations are monitored by the reduction in volume with time. Thus, the percent reduction with time can easily be viewed as insignificant if exaggerated volumes are used. For example, if one estimates a volume on the order of 100,000 barrels, of which 10,000 barrels have been recovered to date, then a 10% reduction over a certain time interval has been achieved. However, if only 50,000 barrels exist, of which 10,000 barrels have been recovered, then a 20% reduction has actually been achieved. 

In the capillary fringe, a third phase (air) can be present, further reducing the value 

Since the water table as measured in the well is depressed by the weight of the hydrocarbon, a corrected depth to water is calculated  

---

Calculation of the atmospheric TBP is rapid if it can be assumed that this distillation is ideal (which is not always the case in reality). It is only necessary to arrange the components in order of increasing boiling points and to accumulate the volumes determined by using the standard specific gravity. 

In Chapter 7.4, empty reactor volume determination of a perfect CSTR is described by following the discharge concentration from the sudden step-change injection of a non-adsorbing inert gas (solid line in the picture.) Next the same experiment is discussed if made with a chemisorbing gas and shown on the previous picture with a dotted line. In this second case, the reactor... 

This article deals enly with reflux drums. Use only the larger vessel volume determined. Do not add two volumes such as reflux plus product. If a second liquid phase is to be settled, additional time is needed. For water in hydrocarbons, an additional 5 minutes is recommended. 

The development of microporosity during steam activation was examined by Burchell et al [23] in their studies of CFCMS monoliths. A series of CFCMS cylinders, 2.5 cm in diameter and 7.5 cm in length, were machined from a 5- cm thick plate of CFCMS manufactured from P200 fibers. The axis of the cylinders was machined perpendicular to the molding direction ( to the fibers). The cylinders were activated to bum-offs ranging from 9 to 36 % and the BET surface area and micropore size and volume determined from the Nj adsorption isotherms measured at 77 K. Samples were taken from the top and bottom of each cylinder for pore sfructure characterization. 

MAINTAINING CARDIAC OUTPUT. The heart rate and stroke volume determine cardiac output. The stroke volume is determined in part by the contractile state of the heart and the amount of blood in the ventricle available to be pumped out. The interventions listed above help to support the cardiac output of the patient in shock. 

Example 4.7 A fully turbulent, baffled vessel is to be scaled up by a factor of 512 in volume while maintaining constant power per unit volume. Determine the effects of the scaleup on the impeller speed, the mixing time, and the internal circulation rate. 

Chromatorapf c methods For gel filtration of polysaccharide fraction PI, a Sephacryl S-300 chromatographyc column (1,1 X 46,7 cm) was calibrated with standard dextrans (molecular mass range 266, 72, 40, and 17 KDa Sigma Chemicals), and the void volume determined with blue dextran. Polysaccharide sample (0.5 mL 2 mg/mL) was applied and eluted with 50 mM NaOH, fractions 1 mL being collected and carbohydrate absorbance (phenol-H2S04) being monitored. 

The non-degenerate ground state electron density pB(r) over any subset D of the ordinary three-dimensional space if3, where E3 z> D, and D has non-zero volume, determines uniquely the ground state electron density p(r) of the complete molecule over the entire three-dimensional space E3. 

If the reaction at 2500 °K may be considered as occurring at constant volume, determine the times corresponding to the two maxima. Note that the time in the plasma jet will be exceedingly small. 

Table 1 Water-exchange rates and activation volumes determined on small molecular weight Gd111 chelates...

Cycloadditions involving ketene derivatives as one or both reaction partners are assumed to be rare examples of concerted [7r2 + jt2] cycloadditions146. The activation volumes determined for the [2 + 2] cyclodimerization and the [2 + 2] cycloadditions... 

Acetaldehyde decomposes according to CH3CH0 => CH4 + CO. Rates of decomposition, Torr/min, corresponding to various % decompositions are tabulated. The process started with pure acetaldehyde and took place at constant volume. Determine the order of the reaction. 

The available results nicely demonstrate the complementarity of the kinetic and thermodynamic data obtained from stopped-flow, UV-vis, electrochemical, and density measurements. The resulting picture is very consistent and allows a further detailed analysis of the data. The overall reaction volumes determined in four different ways... 

A variety of methods and approaches have been developed over the past decade to address these issues. This chapter takes a look at these methods, and focuses on the occurrence, detection, monitoring, and overall characterization of the subsurface lateral and vertical extent of free-phase NAPLs. Problems and limitations associated with the measurement and determination of apparent vs. actual thickness, empirical and field methods, volume determinations, recoverability, and time frame for recovery are discussed. 

Volume determinations and subsequent time frame for recovery of LNAPL product can be estimated. However, a large number of compounding errors are associated with these calculations. Thus, a reasonable time frame for remediation is clearly an estimate. 

Testa, S. M. and Paczkowski, M. T., 1989, Volume Determination and Recoverability of Tree Hydrocarbon Ground Water Monitoring Review, Winter, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 120-128. 

Development of analytical and numerical groundwater models to (1) predict the fate and transport of LNAPL and its dissolved constituents (2) provide more reliable LNAPL volume determinations and (3) enhance design for optimal groundwater cleanup strategies ... 

The quantification of an NOE amounts to determining the volume of the corresponding cross peak in the NOESY spectrum. Since the linewidths can vary appreciably for different resonances, cross-peak volumes should in principle be determined by integration over the peak area rather than by measuring peak heights. However, one should also keep in mind that, according to Eq. (1), the relative error of the distance estimate is only one sixth of the relative error of the volume determination. Furthermore, Eq. (1) involves factors that have their origin in the complex internal dynamics of the macromolecule and are beyond practical reach such that even a very accurate measurement of peak volumes will not yield equally accurate conformational constraints. 

---