4- treatment with

On acetylation it gives acetanilide. Nitrated with some decomposition to a mixture of 2-and 4-nitroanilines. It is basic and gives water-soluble salts with mineral acids. Heating aniline sulphate at 190 C gives sulphanilic add. When heated with alkyl chlorides or aliphatic alcohols mono- and di-alkyl derivatives are obtained, e.g. dimethylaniline. Treatment with trichloroethylene gives phenylglycine. With glycerol and sulphuric acid (Skraup s reaction) quinoline is obtained, while quinaldine can be prepared by the reaction between aniline, paraldehyde and hydrochloric acid. 

Aniline is readily halogenated, treatment with bromine water giving an instant precipitate of 2,4,6-tribromoaniline. 

Other chlorinated naphthalenes. The other monochloronaphthalene (2-), the ten theoretically possible dichloronaphthalenes, and the fourteen trichloronaphthalenes have all been prepared, generally from the corresponding amino-derivatives by diazotization and treatment with CuCl. They are of little industrial importance. 

Usually prepared from the corresponding sulphonic acids by alkali fusion, methylation of phenol or from the aminotoluene by treatment with nitrous acid followed by boiling. Both o- and p-cresol are used as end components in azo dyes. 

Erythromycin is active against gram-positive and certain gram-negative bacteria, also against Rickettsia and spirochaetes. It is used for patients who are allergic to or do not respond to treatment with penicillins or tetracyclines. 

Gattermann-Koch reaction Formylation of an aromatic hydrocarbon to yield the corresponding aldehyde by treatment with CO, HCl and AICI3 at atmospheric pressure CuCl is also required. The reaction resembles a Friedel-Crafts acylation since methanoyl chloride, HCOCl, is probably involved. 

C2H5NsOa. M.p. 118"C. Previously used as a precursor for the production of diazomelh-ane by treatment with 40% aqueous potas-... 

The nitrochlorobenzenes are valuable dyestufTs intermediates. The presence of the nitro-groups makes the chlorine atom very reactive and easily replaceable. Treatment with ammonia or dilute alkalis substitutes an amino- or hydroxy-group for the chlorine atom and gives a series of nilroanilines and nilrophenols. 

Treatment with PCI5 gives phthalyl chloride reduction with zinc and ethanoic acid or NaOH gives phthalide. Fusion with urea gives phthalimide. 

CfiHsNjOs. Red needles m.p. 168-169°C. Soluble in dilute acids and alkalis. Prepared by reduction of picric acid with sodium hydrogen sulphide, ft is used for the preparation of azodyes, which can be after-chromed by treatment with metallic salts owing to the presence of a hydroxyl group ortho to the amino-group. 

Fig. X-4. Water contact angle of titania-coated glass after treatment with trimethyloc-tadecylammonium chloride as a function of the number of coating treatments with 1.1% polydibutyl titanate. (From Ref. 51.)...

Prior to about 1920, flotation procedures were rather crude and rested primarily on the observation that copper and lead-zinc ore pulps (crushed ore mixed with water) could be benefacted (improved in mineral content) by treatment with large amounts of fatty and oily materials. The mineral particles collected in the oily layer and thus could be separated from the gangue and the water. Since then, oil flotation has been largely replaced by froth or foam flotation. Here, only minor amounts of oil or surfactant are used and a froth is formed by agitating or bubbling air through the suspension. The oily froth or foam is concentrated in mineral particles and can be skimmed off as shown schematically in Fig. XIII-4. 

It is curious that he never conuuented on the failure to fit the analytic theory even though that treatment—with the quadratic fonn of the coexistence curve—was presented in great detail in it Statistical Thermodynamics (Fowler and Guggenlieim, 1939). The paper does not discuss any of the other critical exponents, except to fit the vanishing of the surface tension a at the critical point to an equation... 

Figure 13. Vibrational levels for the first-excited electronic state of HD2 calculated [8] using split basis (SB) technique with A(R) = tp/2 coordinate-transformation (CT) treatment with A(R) — tp/2 Eq. (A. 14) with A (R) — y(p, 9, tp). Shown by the longer line segments are the levels assuming different values in two sets of calculations.

Since hydroxylamine is usually available only in the form of its salts, e.g., the hydrochloride or sulphate, the aqueous solution of these salts is treated with sodium acetate or hydroxide to liberate the base before treatment with the aldehyde or ketone. Most oximes are weakly amphoteric in character, and may dissolve in aqueous sodium hydroxide as the sodium salt, from which they can be liberated by the addition of a weak acid, e.g., acetic acid. 

Benzamide from Benzonitrile. (A) Although benzonitrile when boiled with 70% sulphuric acid undergoes ready hydrolysis to benzoic acid (see above), treatment with hot 90% sulphuric acid gives the intermediate benzamide. This difference arises partly from the difference in temperature employed, but also... 

Reagent B is valuable for use with aldehydes or ketones which are insoluble in water, and therefore unsuitable for treatment with Reagent A cf. benzaldehyde, p, 342 benzophenone, p. 346). It is much more concentrated than A, and consequently can be more readily used for the isolation and purification of the required hydra2one. 

Section 5. Treatment with Sodium Carbonate solution. 

Acid chlorides (but not acid anhydrides) precipitate silver chloride on treatment with aqueous AgNOg acidified with HNO3-... 

---