Treatment with enzymes

Alternatively, enzymes may be used to convert cholesterol into other products (Boudreau and Arul, 1993). Enzyme systems that have been examined include (1) cholesterol reductase, which converts cholesterol to copros-tanol, a product that is poorly adsorbed by the body, and (2) cholesterol oxidase, which oxidises cholesterol to non-steroid compounds. In the latter case, the oxidised products are toxic (see Chapter 18). When enzymes are used, it is necessary to demonstrate both the efficient conversion of the cholesterol as well as the safety of the reaction products. 

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Greenhouse soil was treated at 500, 1000, 2000 and 5000 ppm with Diazinon 4E. Parathion hydrolase was added to the soil to determine the efficacy of the enzyme to rapidly degrade diazinon during a spill situation. The half-life of the diazinon in the 500 ppm treatment without enzyme present was 9.4 days while the half-life of diazinon in the 500 ppm treatment with enzyme present was one hour. The half-lives of diazinon in the 1000, 2000 and 5000 ppm treatments with enzyme present were 1.2, 5.6 and 128 hours (5.3 days), respectively. These data indicate that parathion hydrolase can be used effective " to rapidly reduce large concentrations of diazinon in soil. 

You have isolated an RNA type of octanucleotide containing A, G, C, and U in a 1 1 1 1 ratio. Treatment with enzymes (consult Table 10.2 if you wish) produces the following compounds, among others ... 

The gentlest methods for lysing bacteria and yeasts involve treatment with enzymes. Cell walls are first weakened by the appropriate enzymes, and the sphero-plasts produced are then lysed, either by detergents, osmotic shock, or mechanically. In the case of yeast, whose cell walls are made up from glucans, treatment with... 

Desizing of cotton fabric can be accomplished by physical, chemical or combination of physical and chemical mechanism, namely rot steeping, acid steeping, treatment with enzyme and oxidising agents. In desizing, the starches and polymers that are applied which are insoluble, are converted into water soluble com-... 

Drug Interactions. Zonisamide does not inhibit or induce the cytochrome P450 system. Enzyme inducers and CYP3A4 inhibitors can affect the concentration of zonisamide. Treatment with enzyme inducers can reduce zonisamide half-life to 27 to 36 hours. ... 

Table VII. Percent of Meat Fractions Solubilized by Treatment with Enzymes" (101)...

Lysis of cells may occur with concomitant release of the contents of these cells. (Lysis refers to a process involving breakage of cell walls via one of several possible mechanisms, either naturally via viral infections or osmotic phenomena, or via human intervention in the form of treatment with enzymes, chemicals, or son-ication.) When lysis occurs, a microorganism may subsequently engage in a second growth phase (cryptic growth) if it is able to metabolize the cellular components released by lysis of other cells. 

The staining properties of the 8-layers between apposed cortical cells and apposed cuticle cells are different from each other [164,165]. Studies demonstrate that this difference is enhanced after fibers are treated with formic acid [166,167]. Other studies have indicated differences in chemical composition between cortical-cortical CMC and cuticle-cuticle CMC after histochemical staining [165,168] or through the effects of treatments (with enzymes and reducing agents) used in cell-separation experiments [169,170]. In addition, it has been shown that cuticle CMC is more resistant to modification after formic acid treatment it has also been shown to contain citrulline [166]. 

Enzymatic methods For methodologies supplied in kit form filtration of the dissolved sample For biosensors containing immobilized enzymes generally requires only filtration. Time may also be required for treatment with enzymes other than the detecting enzyme, e.g., mutarotase treatment before glucose oxidase addition... 

Almost aU thiamine-active compoimds from naturally occurring or synthetic products can be extracted with water or aqueous alcohol. The extracts should be worked up under acid conditions, as far as possible at pH 4—6, in order to prevent decomposition of the sensitive substances. Bj-derivatives, linked in biological material to protein, require initial liberation by treatment with enzymes. 

Alternatively, surface hydrolysis of PET can be achieved by treatment with enzymes that introduce polar groups to the polymer surface. A number of hydrolytic enzymes, such as lipases, cutinases, and esterases, have shown potential for surface functionalization of PET [36, 99]. The biocatalytic method can be performed under mild reaction conditions avoiding the use of large amounts of chemicals and energy for the finishing and dyeing processes. The enzymatic modifications are specific and can be limited to the polymer surface. Consequently, the bulk properties and mechanical stability of the polymer are not compromised, and material savings and products of better quality or with new functionalities can be obtained. 

With lipases, improved dyeing behavior, water absorption, and oil stain resistance of PET fabrics have been claimed following treatment with enzymes from T. insolens [1, 62, 72, 101] and T. lanuginosus [4, 11, 26]. Treatment of PET fabrics with lipases from Aspergillus spp., Beauveria brongniartii, C. antarctica, C. cylindracea, Rhizomucor miehei, Burkholderia cepacia. Pseudomonas fluores-cens, Rhizopus spp., and porcine (hog) pancreas lipase resulted in increased hydrophilicity, moisture regain, and water absorption values [4,33,38,44,51,52,60,103]. 

The juice treatment step involves fining and clarification, i. e. removal of turbidity, and stabilization to prevent additional turbidity. The former step commonly involves treatment with enzymes, mostly pectinolytic, and, if necessary, removal of starch and poljfphenols using gelatin, alone or together with colloidal silicic acid or tannin, or polyvinylpjnrolidone. Finally, proteins are removed by adsorption on bentonite. 

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