High temperature treatment

The Fischer-Tropsch reaction is essentially that of Eq. XVIII-54 and is of great importance partly by itself and also as part of a coupled set of processes whereby steam or oxygen plus coal or coke is transformed into methane, olefins, alcohols, and gasolines. The first step is to produce a mixture of CO and H2 (called water-gas or synthesis gas ) by the high-temperature treatment of coal or coke with steam. The water-gas shift reaction CO + H2O = CO2 + H2 is then used to adjust the CO/H2 ratio for the feed to the Fischer-Tropsch or synthesis reactor. This last process was disclosed in 1913 and was extensively developed around 1925 by Fischer and Tropsch [268]. 

An additional complicating factor in many carbons is the presence of ash. which is usually hydrophilic if present as MgO or CaO resulting from high-temperature treatment of the charcoal, the ash will of course adsorb water chemically as well as physically. 

Kinetic mles of oxidation of MDASA and TPASA by periodate ions in the weak-acidic medium at the presence of mthenium (VI), iridium (IV), rhodium (III) and their mixtures are investigated by spectrophotometric method. The influence of high temperature treatment with mineral acids of catalysts, concentration of reactants, interfering ions, temperature and ionic strength of solutions on the rate of reactions was investigated. Optimal conditions of indicator reactions, rate constants and energy of activation for arylamine oxidation reactions at the presence of individual catalysts are determined. 

Suzuki, T. and Kaneko, K., The micrographite growth of activated carbon fibers with high temperature treatment studied by computer aided x-ray diffraction, Carbon, 1993,31(8), 1360 1361. 

Fig. 4. Typical tip morphology obtained after high-temperature treatment (2000 °C) of oxidation opened CNTs. Note the elimination of dangling bonds by a bending of graphitic layer (marked with arrows).

In principle biomass is a useful fuel for fuel cells many of the technologies discussed above for using biomass as a fuel produce either methane or hydrogen directly and as highlighted below synthesis gas production from biomass for conversion to methanol is an attractive option. Cellulose-based material may be converted to a mixture of hydrogen (70% hydrogen content recovered), CO2 and methane by high-temperature treatment with a nickel catalyst. 

SEVERINI c and lerici c r (1995) Interaction between Maillard reaction and lipid oxidation in model systems during high temperature treatment , Ital J Food Sci, 1 (2) 189-96. 

On all the Ti02(100) crystals further Investigated, maximum C/Ti ratios between 0.2 and 0.3 were sometimes observed after standing for long periods at 300K in the UHV system and before high temperature treatments, as shown in Figure la, for example. 

Complex reactions occur during high-temperature treatment of aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Unpublished laboratory results of PMV about high temperature treatment of RCP with suitable exhaust air and duration time showed a significant reduction of the volatile mineral oil constitutions of a magnitude of up to 98%. An up-scaling of those process stages or even an industrial implementation is not yet realised because the laboratory conditions cannot be transferred in an economical way. 

Kristensen E F, Elmholt S and Thrane U (2005), High-temperature treatment for efficient drying of bread rye and reduction of fungal contaminants , Biosyst. Eng., 92, 183— 195. 

---