Final storage quality

Arneth J.-D., Milde G., Kerndorff H., and Schleyer R. (1989) Waste deposit influences on groundwater quality as a tool for waste type and site selection for final storage quality. In The Landfill, Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences (ed. P. Baccini). Springer, Berlin, vol. 20, pp. 399-424. 

Baccini 1989) Landfills with solids of final storage quality need no further treatment of emissions into air and water . 

Solid residues with final storage quality should have properties very similar to the Earths crust (natural sediments, rocks, ores, soil). This can be achieved in several ways, for example by assortment or thermal, chemical and biological treatment. In most cases, this standard is not attained by simple incineration of municipal solid waste - that is, by only the reduction of organic fractions. There is, in particular, the problem of easily soluble minerals such as sodium chloride. Future efforts should be aimed at optimizing the incineration process in a sense that critical components are concentrated in the filter ash and in the washing sludge, whereas the quality of the bottom ash is improved in such a way that deposition is facilitated and even reuse of this material is possible due to either the low concentrations or chemically inert bonding forms of metals. 

Furthermore, if suitable criteria are applied to metal concentrations in the pHstat eluate, the final storage quality of organic-free waste material can be evaluated (Himer and Forstner 1993). 

The final storage approach is one way to develop and control landfills on a conceptual basis. It has been defined by the Swiss Federal Government in 1986 (Anonymous 1986b) and received wider attention by the book edited by Peter Baccini on Landfills - Reactor and Final Storage (Baccini 1989) "Landfills with solids of final storage quality need no further treatment of emissions into air and water". 

Solid residues with final storage quality should have properties very similar to thle earth s crust (natural sediments, rocks, ores, soil see Table 10.5). This can be achieved in several ways, e.g. by assortment or thermal, chemical and biological treatment. 

This section reviews the reactor landfill and the processes present within the landfill system. The primary objective of a landfill system is to ensure that waste deposited within the system reaches a final storage quality as rapidly as possible which matches background levels of the earth s crust. Past landfill strategy has simply been to deposit waste in derelict voids or land depressions in the most cost-effective manner with no consideration of the long-term impact on the environment. 

On one hand, the waste mix contains a range of contaminants which when codisposed in a reactor landfill, interact both physically, chemically and biologically and in turn cause a change to the state of the waste by converting the solid material into various liquid, gases and residues. The emissions from landfill sites are to air and water and the final residue reaches a final storage quality after decades or... 

Ehrig HJ (1983) Quality and quantity of sanitary landfill leachate. Waste Manage Res 1 53—68. Ehrig HJ (1989) Water and element balances of landfills. In Bacdni P, ed. The Landfill — Reactor and Final Storage. Lecture Notes in Earth Sd-ences 20 83 — 116. Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York. 

With regard to the manufacture of crumb using ambient grinding-type processes, the BSI has published a PAS for the collection, initial storage, production and final storage of size-reduced, tyre-derived rubber materials. It is designated PAS 107 2007. This document has already been referred to in Section 6.4.1 in connection with quality protocols that apply to rubber crumb. 

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