Hazardous waste samples

Hazardous waste samples are small, discrete amounts of hazardous waste that are essential to ensure accurate characterization and proper hazardous waste treatment. In order to facilitate the analysis of these materials, RCRA exempts characterization samples and treatability study samples from Subtitle C hazardous waste regulation ... 

Peterson, S.A., Greene, J.C. and Miller, W.E. (1990) Toxicological evaluation of hazardous waste samples extracted with deionized water or sodium acetate (TCLP) leaching media, in D. Friedman (ed.), Waste Testing and Quality Assurance, ASTM STP 1062, Philadelphia, USA, 2, 107-129. 

California Department of Fish and Game denotes the State of California Department of Fish and Game, Static Acute Bioassay Procedures for Hazardous Waste Samples, 1988. EPA-600/4-90/027F denotes US Environmental Protection Agency, Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluent and Receiving Waters to Freshwater and Marine Organisms,... 

Analysis of Target and Nontarget Pollutants in Aqueous and Hazardous Waste Samples by Liquid Chromatography/Particle Beam Mass... 

FETAX is a rapid test for identifying developmental toxicants. Data may be extrapolated to other species including mammals. FETAX might be used to prioritize hazardous waste samples for further tests which use mammals. Validation studies using compounds with known mammalian and/or human developmental toxicity suggest that the predictive accuracy rate compares favorably with other currently available "in vitro teratogenesis screening... 

Combustion of Hazardous Wastes Sampling and Analysis Methods... 

The commercial formulations of PCBs are made by controlled chlorination of biphenyl. Each formulation contains various percentages of many of the 209 individual congeners, and there are significant variations among individual production lots. Hazardous waste samples may contain mixtures of two or more commercial formulations. 

Fig. 6. Particle beam lc/ms analysis of a complex hazardous waste sample (a) TIC showing peak at 23.23 min (b) mass spectrum of 23.23 min peak of...

Complex Mixture Extraction. Analytical SFE can also be used for complex mixture sample preparation. Typical examples using hazardous waste samples are described below. Sample A was a soil boring contaminated with coal gasification residuals and sample B was from a waste stream from a treatment facility. The major objective of these studies was to compare the extraction abilities (e.g., amount of material extracted) of three different fluid systems using approximately four-gram aliquots of the samples. The specific fluid systems, the extraction conditions, and the percentage of the total mass of material extracted from each sample are listed in Table II. 

Table II. Supercritical Fluid Extraction Comparison of Hazardous Waste Samples...

Figure 3. Capillary GC chromatograms of the supercritical carbon dioxide (bottom) and methanol modified carbon dioxide (top) extracts of a hazardous waste sample.

Acrolein in water can be analyzed by a purge and trap GC method, using a flame ionization detector (U.S. EPA 1984, Method 603). A column containing Porapak QS (80/100 mesh) or Chromosorb 101 (60/80 mesh) may be suitable. Wastewater and hazardous waste samples can be analyzed by GC/MS (U.S. EPA 1984, Methods 624 and 1624 and U.S. EPA 1986 Method 8240/SW-846) on any column suitable for volatile organics. Characteristic ions are 56, 55, and 54 (electron-impact ionization). 

Brown, M. A., I. S. Kim, S. Fassil L, and R. D. Stephens. 1990. Analysis of target and nontarget pollutants in aqueous and hazardous waste samples by liquid chromatography/particle beam mass spectrometry. ACS Symp. Ser. 420 198-214. 

Samplers and Sample Procedure for Hazardous Waste Streams, EPA-600/2-80-018, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C. 

For some products, a decision may need to be made whether samples of product lots produced by a toller will be maintained at their site or returned to the client company. Certain samples may become hazardous waste, with associated disposal costs, when the sample retention time expires. When samples are held on behalf of the other party, ultimate disposal agreements should be in place. 

Lappala, E. and G. Thompson. Detection of Groundwater Contamination by Shallow Soil Gas Sampling in the Vadose Zone and Applications. In Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites Proceedings, Hazardous Materials Control Research Institute,Washington, D.C., 1984. 

At the Taylor Road landfill (originally intended for the disposal of municipal refuse only), unknown quantities of hazardous wastes from industrial and residential sources were deposited. During the period when the landfill was active, soil and groundwater samples collected at the site were found to contain concentrations of volatile organic compounds and metals above acceptable safe drinking water standards. Analysis of samples collected from private drinking water wells indicated that contamination... 

However, a sample taken in the doctor s office can be properly packed and shipped to a special laboratory, if necessary. Because endosulfan leaves the body fairly quickly, these methods are useful only for finding exposures that have occurred within the last few days. At this time, these methods can only be used to prove that a person has been exposed to endosulfan. The test results cannot be used to predict if you wiU have any adverse health effects. Exposure to other chemicals at the same time at hazardous waste sites could cause some confusion in understanding these results. More information about tests to find endosulfan in the body is presented in Chapters 2 and 6. 

Endosulfan (one or both of its isomers) has been identified in air samples collected at only 4 of the 164 NPL hazardous waste sites where it was detected in some environmental media (HazDat 2000). 

The design of this fish study centered on sample collection, preservation, preparation, analysis, and QA/QC. There was no discussion of the effect of compositing on the sample population. No description was given of statistical techniques to be applied to the data for reporting results and for comparison with action levels and future data. Unfortunately, the omission of a statistical framework during planning of the field study is the rule rather than the exception in hazardous waste investigations. 

The hydrogeological and QA/QC aspects of hazardous waste field investigations are fairly well advanced. Yet needed, however, is a systematic approach to the design of field sampling, to the selection of compounds for analysis, and to the methods for interpretation of analytical data. 

ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLING FOR HAZARDOUS WASTES Table I. The Process of Environmental Risk Assessment... 

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