Large contaminant

May be difficult to implement in low-permeability aquifers Reinjection wells or infiltration galleries may require permits or may be prohibited Biodegradation pathways may be site-specific, potentially requiring pilot testing or treatability studies A relatively large amount of oxidant may be needed for treatment of large contaminant mass... 

Eliminates areas with large contaminant variation. 

The technology is applicable to many remediation scenarios including large contaminated surface areas. 

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) serves as a marker enzyme for outer membrane. There is some MAO activity in the inner membrane and therefore also in SMPs however, a high level of monoamine oxidase in the SMP preparation indicates a large contamination by outer membrane. Mitochondrial monoamine oxidase is an FAD-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of amines to aldehydes (Equation E10.2). A convenient assay for this enzyme uses benzylamine as substrate and monitors the rate of ben-zaldehyde production at 250 nm. 

If foreign material is observed in the compn before or during mixing, the batch should be destroyed by wetting with appropriate solvents, for even if large contaminants could be removed, one must always assume that the mix also contains finer particles that cannot be seen ... 

Table 2.2 summarises the results obtained for all of the water samples. A very good correspondence between spiked and experimentally obtained results was observed. A relative experimental error in most cases was <10% indicating the possibility of using these electrodes as an early warning system in the event of a large contamination of natural waters with cesium, such as in the event of a nuclear reactor accident, e.g., Chernobyl, or the detonation of a dirty bomb . 

Other advantages of LLC systems include the possibility to form reproducible, homogeneous stationary phases, a large sample capacity and a large contamination capacity (i.e. LLC columns are not easily polluted by contaminants in the mobile phase or the samples) [315]. Because the LLC system is generally well-defined, it allows a more rigorous theoretical treatment than other forms of LC. In particular, LLC retention data correlate well with liquid-liquid partition coefficients obtained from independent ( static ) experiments. 

The normal procedure for determining the number oversize is to carry out a mass balance and present the derived Coulter data graphically as counts/gram against particle size. The problem with using this procedure is that, in some cases, there are only one or two oversize particles in the presence of millions of smaller ones. It is therefore necessary to filter out many of the smaller particles and carry out a count on the oversize residue. This poses problems in that some oversize particles may be lost in the process and, even more likely, large contaminant particles may be introduced in the filtration process. 

Anonymous (2000) Contaminated Soil 2000 - Case Study Comparison of Solutions for a Large Contamination Based on Different National Policies . ConSoil 2000, 7th Intern FZK/TNO Conference on Contaminated Soil. Leipzig, 165 p. 

Cellector tissue sieves (Bellco Glass Company) 2 nesting sieves, upper one with 40 mesh to remove large contaminants, lower one with 150 mesh or finer to retain embryos... 

Aspirate supernatant. Add 200 ml MRS to the remaining tissue, mix, and pour through the 280-/im mesh into a clean 400-ml beaker. This removes most large contaminants. 

The boiling point of liquid is frequently used to estimate the purity of the liquid. A similar approach is taken for solvents. Impurities cause the boiling point of solvents to increase but this increase is very small (in the order of O.OTC per 0.01% impurity). Considering that the error of boiling point can be large, contaminated solvents may be undetected by boiling point measurement. If purity is important it should be evaluated by some other, more sensitive methods. The difference between boiling point and vapor condensation temperature is usually more sensitive to admixtures. If this difference is more than 0.1°C, the presence of admixtures can be suspected. 

His suspicion, of course, had antecedents. Heinrich Rose discovered earlier that yttrium chloride itself is not volatile, although it was thought to be so earlier. What appears volatile is the impurity beryllium chloride. This finding spoke in favour of yttrium not being a pure element as believed earlier. Rose was the first to prepare metallic yttrium by reducing yttrium chloride and yttrium fluoride with metallic sodium. It turned out later, however, that this yttrium metal was still largely contaminated. 

Shredding The size reduction of plastics to 1" to 3" chips. Shredding may be performed prior to granulation to allow for removal of large contaminants such as metal or wood which may damage the granulator. 

Ideally, the type of package should be selected from those already developed for the nuclear industry (e.g., 200-liter drums used in a nuclear power plant—usually a type A package). Containers can also be used for large contaminated pieces, house debris, contaminated furniture, etc. If a new packaging is required (e.g., a metal box), its dimensions should be standardized as much as possible with respect to existing standard packages. For example, a box of 1.2 X 1.2 X 1.2 m, or 1.7 m, is equivalent in volume of four 200-liter drums. This could be important for the structural stability and volume control (minimizing the void fraction) of the final repository. 

Another area of remote sensing that is based on line-of-site measurements has been illustrated by Angel et al. [141]. They suggest, for surveying a large contamination area, that a Raman radar system is better suited than a fiber-optics-based system. Raman spectra were collected for common waste tank mixtures of nitrate and ferrocyanide with a distance of 16.7 m. Earlier line-of-site measurements were conducted by Ahmadjian and Brown [142] with detection limits of 150 ppm for nitrate in water and oil films on the surface of water. 

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