Trauma injuries

The structure of trauma injuries is given in Table 20.1. There were on average 1.5 injuries per injured person. The most common localization of injuries was in the lower limbs - 59.4%, of which shin - 47.4%, upper limbs and head - 25.0% each. The injuries with high lethality included injuries of the chest and abdominal cavities, and also pelvis, which were accompanied by a deep shock condition. 

The brain has briefly been examined from a multiscale perspective. Imielinska et al. [271], in order to determine trauma injury to the brain under a ballistic impact or blast to the head, developed a multiscale high fidelity biomechanical and physiologically-based modeling tools. They employed their methodology on pigs, and hence, understanding of the human brain is still to be done. 

C. Imielinska et al., Multi-scale modeling of trauma injury, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, LNCS - IV, Computational Science - ICCS, vol. 3(2006), p. 994 (2006), 822-830. 

Burn Center Care Is the Most Efficient and Cost-Effective Care for Burn Injuries. Burn injuries are not like other trauma injuries burn injuries often require a lengthy course of treatment as compared with simple or even complex trauma patients. For example, for burn patients with 50% body surface area burn, the average length of stay in the intensive care unit is 50 days. In a mass casualty, the average burn is typically greater than 50% body surface area. 

B. A. McKinley, R. G. Marvin, Concanour, and F. A. Moore, Tissue Hemoglobin 02 Saturation During Resuscitation of Traumatic Shock Monitored Using Near-Infrared Spectrometry, J. Trauma-Injury Infection Crit. Care, 48(4), 637-642 (2000). 

Wang X, Mori T, Jung JC, Fini ME, Lo EH. Secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 after mechanical trauma injury in rat cortical cultures and involvement of map kinase. J Neurotrauma. 2002 19 615-625... 

The OSHAct requirements specify that any illness or injury to an employee that causes time lost from the job, treatment beyond first aid, transfer to another job, loss of consciousness, or an occupational iUness must be recorded on a daily log of injuries and illnesses, the OSHA 300 form (previously the 200 form). This log identifies the injured person, the date and time of the injury, the department or plant location where the injury occurred, and a brief description of the occurrence of the injury, highlighting salient facts such as the chemical, physical agent, or machinery involved and the nature of the injury. An injury should be recorded on the day that it occurs, but this is not always possible with MSDs and other cumulative trauma injuries. The number of days that the person is absent from the job is also recorded upon the employee s return to work. In addition to the daily log, a more detailed form is filled out for each injury that occurs. This form provides a more detailed description of the nature of the injury, the extent of damage to the employee, the factors that could... 

Axelsson, J.T.H.Y., Chest Wall Vdocity as a Predictor of Nonauditory Blast Injury in a Complex Wave Enviroment The Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care, 1996. 40. 

Sarron, J.-C., Dannawi, M., Faure, A., Caillou, J.-P, Da Cunha, J., Robert, R. Dynamic Effects of a 9 mm Missile on Cadaveric Skull Protected by Aramid, Polyethylene or Aluminum Plate An Experimental Study. Journal of Trauma Injury, Infection and... 

This patient safety indicator is concerned with birth trauma (injury to neonate) and is expressed by... 

I. Wedmore, J. G. McManus, A. E. Pusateri and J. B. Holcomb, A special report on the chitosan-based hemostatic dressing Experience in current combat operations , The Journal of Trauma Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 655-658, Mar. 2006. 

Accident and Injury As noted in Chapter 3, the term accident suggests an event of very short duration. This was the meaning for early interpretations under workers compensation claims. For most workers compensation laws today, accident may refer to extended exposures and recognize other factors. In the early 1980s, claims increased significantly for cumulative trauma injuries. These disorders result from repeated trauma to the part of the body affected, such as the arm of a carpenter swinging a hammer. More recently, claims for various forms of job stress have been on the rise. 

Cumulative trauma injuries, cumulative trauma disorders or repeated motion injuries are a family of injuries that result from repeated motion or repeated use of a tool or other equipment. Most involve inflammation of or damage to various tissues. Several may occur at the same time. The appearance of symptoms will vary from person to person, with frequency of activity, forces, and movements involved in the activity, and other factors. Factors other than repeated motion, such as age and personal differences, may contribute to the incidence of these disorders. 

Lin, S.S., Ueng, S.W., Lee, S.S., Chan, E.C., Chen, K.T., Yang, C.Y., Chen, C.Y. and Chan, YS. (1999) "In vitro elution of antibiotic from antibiotic-impregnated biodegradable calcium alginate wound dressing . J Trauma - Injury, Infect Crit Care, 47,136. 

McGilliduddy E, Schuster K, Kaplan L, Maung A, Lui F, Maerz L, Johnson D, Davis K. Contrast-induced nephropathy in elderly trauma patients. J Trauma Injury Infect Crit Care 2010 68 294-7. 

Shahin H, Gopinath SP, Robertson CS. Influence of alcohol on early Glasgow coma scale in head-injured patients. J Trauma-Injury Infect Grit Care 2010 69(5) 1176-81. 

In 1938, Ugo Gerletti and Lucino Bini introduced a technique called electroconvulsive therapy (EGT), which induced seizures electrically it quickly became the preferred method of treatment for mental illness. In its earliest applications, EGT was highly traumatic for patients it elicited a full-blown seizure that could result in broken bones, muscle tears, and permanent memory loss. The threat, or actual administration, of EGT was commonly used to punish or control patients. In modern psychiatry, EGT is administered with a protocol that minimizes trauma, injury, and memory loss, and it is considered a proven, effective treatment for patients with intractable depression and those who cannot take medication because of medical conditions or pregnancy. 

Blokhuis, T.J., Termaat, M.F., den Boer, F.C., Patka, Peter., Bakker, F.C. Haarman H-J.Th-M. (2000). Properties of Calcium Phosphate Ceramics in Relation to Their In Vivo Behavior. The Journal of Trauma Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, Vol. 48, No. 1, 0anuaiy 2000), pp. (179-186), ISSN 1079-6061... 

Velmahos GC, Toutouzas KG et al. (2002) A prospective study on the safety and efficacy of angiographic embolization for pelvic and visceral injuries. J Trauma Injury Infect Grit Care 53 303-308... 

Abramson D, Scalea TM et al. (1993) Lactate clearance and survival following injury. J Trauma Injury Infect Crit Care 35 584-588... 

Davis JW, Parks SN et al. (1996) Admission base deficit predicts transfusion requirements and risk of complications (see comment). J Trauma Injury Infect Crit Care 41 769-774... 

Davis JW, Kaups KL et al. (1998) Base deficit is superior to pH in evaluating clearance of acidosis after traumatic shock. J Trauma Injury Infection 8t Crit Care 44 114-118... 

Millikan JS, Cain TL et al. (1984) Rapid volume replacement for hypovolemic shock a comparison of techniques and equipment. J Trauma Injury Infect Crit Care 24 428-431... 

Reed RL 2nd, Johnson TD et al. (1992) The disparity between hypothermic coagulopathy and clotting studies. J Trauma Injury Infect Crit Care 33 465-470... 

Trunkey DD, Chapman MW et al. (1974) Management of pelvic fractures in blunt trauma injury. J Trauma... 

The most common type of paralysis. It often involves the loss of strength in the arm, the leg, and sometimes the face on the same side of the body. In order of importance, hemiplegia may be caused by vascular diseases of the brain, trauma (injury), brain tumors, brain abcess, encephalitis, demyelina-tion disease, and syphilis. Due to reduced activity, and the difficulties encountered in preparing and eating food, some dietary modification may be necessary. 

According to the BLS approximately 2.1 million of the 4.1 million were injuries that resulted in days away from work or restricted work activity. Now keep in mind that the causes of trauma injuries are usually the unplanned release of energy or the contact with an energy source. These injuries may result in the need for simple to complex medical care. Each of these events comes with an expense involved. There is direct medical care and potential for the need of workers compensation... 

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