Impact ballistic

UL 2085 also provides criteria for resistance against vehicle impact, ballistic impact, and fire hose impact. These tanks are also provided with integr secondary containment intended to prevent any leakage from the primary tank from entering the environment. 

Use of Eq. 11.9 to describe rate effects is often called the over-stress model which was developed mostly for metals under high rates of loading and used more in dynamic circumstances of impact, ballistic penetration, wave propagation, etc. (See Christescu, (1967)). Krempl and his associates have used the over-stress technique for various polymers (e.g., Bordonaro and Krempl, (1992)). 

Zukas, J.A. Impact Dynamics Theory and Experiment, US Army Ballistic Research Laboratory Technical Report No. ARBRL-TR-02271, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 67 pp., October 1980. 

Baum, M. R. 1987. Disruptive failure of pressure vessels preliminary design guide lines for fragment velocity and the extent of the hazard zone. In Advances in Impact, Blast Ballistics, arui Dynamic Analysis of Structures. ASME PVP. 124. New York ASME. 

N 20.29%, OB to C02 -65.65%, white prisms, mp 190°, explodes. Readily sol in organic solvents. Prepn by gently refluxing bis-tri-methylethylenenitrosochloride with coned nitric acid (d 1.42g/cc) (Refs 1 3). 700.46kcal/mole (Ref 4). Impact sensitivity is less than TNT (Ref 2). Power by ballistic mortar is 106% of, TNT (Ref 2)... 

It is an expl which is slightly more powerful than TNT (114% as detd by ballistic mortar at the Res Lab of NDRC at Bruccton, Pa), and slightly less sensitive to impact. Its thermal stability is satisfactory and it is nonhygroscopic Ref L.F. Fieser M. Gates, JACS 68, 2249 (1946) CA 41, 733 (1947)... 

It is an expl which is as powerful as TNT (99% by ballistic mortar), but more sensitive to impact, being comparable to Tetryl. Its 120° Vacuum Stability Test yields 8cc for a 5g sample in 8 hours, as compared with 6.5cc/5g sample in 15 hours for PETN and 3.8cc/5g sample in 48 hours for Tetryl Refs 1) Beil, not listed in General Index 2) L.F. Fieser W.H. Daudt, JACS 68, 2248-9 (1946)... 

Ballistic Strength. 100% T NT (BuM ine s) Explosion Temperature. Does not expld or ignite at 360° or below Heat of Combustion. 8l8.1kcal/mole Hygroscopicity. Practically none Impact Sensitivity. Comparable to TNT Power. By Trauzl test, 103% TNT Rifle Bullet Test. No detonations from impact of. 30 cal bullet at 90 ft Thermal Stability. Unsatisfactory, loses 49% of wt in 48 hrs at 75° (International Test) Velocity of Detonation. No information Salts of (m-Nitrophenyll-dinitromethane. Milone and Massa (Ref 2) prepd several metallic salts and found that their expl power decreased with increasing atomic v/t of the metal Following are some of the expl salts K salt—yel crysts ... 

It is an expl, having a ballistic strength of 114% (TNT=100) impact sensitivity-less sensitive than TNT friction sensitivity—no detonations ignition temp—270° practically non-hygroscopic and of satisfactory thermal stability Refs 1) Beil—not found 2) L.F. Fieser et... 

The need for transparent airframe areas such as radardomes, ballistic surfaces or impact shields has resulted in a thorough investigation. of the utility of polycarbonates in this area. 

Transparent Materials and Adhesives for Ballistic and Impact Shields , Report No AFML-TR-70-167, Contract F33615-67-C-1315, Monsanto Research Corp, Dayton (1970) 4) H.F. 

PMMA finds ordn usage in several areas in ballistic or impact shields for missiles or airplanes also as windows, windshields or canopies in aircraft (Refs 7 and 22) as a Laser Q switch host using an organic Ni complex dye (Ref 22) and in proplnts as fuel (with A1 and NG as cofuels — Ref 20) and Amm perchlorate or K perchlorate as oxidizers (Refs 2, 4, 8—11, 13,14 16—20). Also see under Aeroplex Propellants in Vol 1, A108-R and under Composite Propellants in Vol 3, C464-L to C474-L Refs 1) Beil 2, [398] and (1279 1283 ... 

Klunsch (Ref 72) has incorporated hydra-zinium nitroformate and aluminum hydride in plastisol NC formulations which cure at room temp without undesirable gas formation. A number of such formulations and calculated ballistic results are given in Table 21. Although these are attractive propint s from the standpoint of potential energy, their impact sensitivity was not described. Similar plastisol binder propellants in Table 18 were sensitive enough to impact to warrant extreme caution in processing into rockets. 

Bir et al." have analyzed the effect of blunt ballistic impact of a baton-type, less-lethal projectile on the thoracic region using human cadavers. She determined human-response corridors and developed biomechanical surrogates, which can be used for testing different new projectiles for their blunt ballistic impact. The human-response force corridor for blunt thoracic impact by a thermoplastic polyurethane-based baton round with 37 mm diameter, weighing 30 g, and traveling... 

Bir, C.A. and Viano, D.C. Design and injury assessment criteria for hlunt ballistic impacts, J. Trauma, 57, 1218, 2004. 

Viano, D.C. et al. Ballistic impact to the forehead, zygoma, and mandible Comparison of human and frangible dummy face biomechanics, J. Trauma, 56, 1305, 2004. 

Bir, C., Viano, D., and King, A. Development of biomechanical response corridors of the thorax to blunt ballistic impacts, J. Biomech., 37, 73, 2004. 

SwRI 93-01, Testing Requirements for Protected Aboveground Flammable Liquid/Fuel Storage Tanks, includes tests to evaluate the performance of ASTs under fire, hose stream, ballistics, heavy vehicular impact, and different environments. This standard requires pool-fire resistance similar to that of UL 2085. 

Lead Block and Copper Cylinder Compression Tests (113-15) Ballistic Pendulum Test (115-16) Fragmentation Test (Geschoss-Splitter Probe (118) Impact Test by Falling Weight (118-20) Deflagration Point (Verpuf-fungstemperatur) (120) Friction Test (120-21) Rifle Bullet Test (Beschussprobe) (121)... 

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