Transported soil

Physically or chemically modifying the surface of PET fiber is another route to diversified products. Hydrophilicity, moisture absorption, moisture transport, soil release, color depth, tactile aesthetics, and comfort all can be affected by surface modification. Examples iaclude coatiag the surface with multiple hydroxyl groups (40), creatiag surface pores and cavities by adding a gas or gas-forming additive to the polymer melt (41), roughening the surface... 

INEEL. 241Am contamination occurred outside the SDA to a distance of 2,500 meters at the INEEL (Markham et al. 1978). Maximum concentrations of 241Am, 2,048 nCi/m2 (75.8 kBq/m2) in the 0-4" surface layer, near the perimeter of the SDA were thought to be due to flooding and to localized drainage of water, while low concentrations away from the SDA perimeter are a result of wind transport. Soil sampled at 118 plots around RF contained 241 Am ranging from 0.18 to 9,990 Bq/kg (0.0049-270 nCi/kg) with a mean and SD of 321 and 1,143 Bq/kg (8.67 and 30.9 nCi/kg), respectively (Litaor 1995). The distribution pattern reflects wind dispersion consistent with the prevailing winds at RF. 

As a regional observation, arsenic is concentrated in the >1 mm soil fraction, and defines broad-scale anomalies in areas of shallow bedrock or residual soil. It has probably been adsorbed onto amorphous secondary Fe oxides, some of which have formed pisoliths. By contrast, Au is generally concentrated in the claysized fraction of transported soils. 

Govett, G.J.S., 1973b. Differential secondary dispersion in transported soils and postmineralization rocks an electrochemical interpretation. In Jones, M.J (ed.) Geochemical Exploration 1972. Proceedings of the 4th International. Geochemistry Exploration Symposium, London., Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 81-91. 

Lynntech, Inc. s (Lynntech s), electrokinetic remediation of contaminated soil technology is an in situ soil decontamination method that uses an electric current to transport soil contaminants. According to Lynntech, this technology uses both direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) electrokinetic techniques (dielectrophoresis) to decontaminate soil containing heavy metals and organic contaminants. A non homogeneous electric field is applied between electrodes positioned in the soil. The field induces electrokinetic processes that cause the controlled, horizontal, and/or vertical removal of contaminants from soils of variable hydraulic permeabilities and moisture contents. 

TVIES has developed and patented an ex situ, transportable soil washing technology that uses the principle of countercurrent extraction in augers, hydrosizers, flotation cells, and clarifiers. The technology removes contaminants by using a combination of high-pressure water spray, chemical washing, and dissolved air flotation with appropriate acids, bases, and oxidation or reduction conditions. 

FROM EQN. Oil-burning Transportation Soil Resuspension Incineration Residual NO. V PB MN(C) CU ... 

TSP added for soil resuspension ( ), then oil-burning, transportation, soil resuspension and other sources (such as incineration) can be estimated as contributing 57%, 24%, 15% and 4% of the primary TSP in New York City, respectively. The relative contributions of these sources to POM, i.e., the sum of CYC and ACE, from equations (14) and (18) are shown in Table VIII. Assuming that particulate organic matter is approximately proportional to TSP, the agreement in estimated relative source contributions is quite reasonable. 

Hartikainen H. 1996. Soil processes and chemical transport. Soil response to acid percolation Acid-base buffering and cation leaching. J Environ Qual 25 638-645. 

Fig. 12-21. Distribution of Hg, Cu, Pb. Zn, As and Ag in lithosol soils over outcropping gossans and distribution of Hg in transported soils over buried gossan at Pegmont, northwest Queensland (from Carr ct al., 1986).

While each of the environmental elements can be considered alone, it is their interrelationships that truly necessitate considering the environmental protection strategy a coherent unit. The basic hydrological cycle (Figure 4.1) relates all of these individual elements and shows their interrelationships. Air, as wind, causes the soil to move in dust storms and can transport contaminant-laden sediments. Air also transports water vapor and causes precipitation events. Water can transport soil and contaminants into and within the soil. 

B. Transported soils 1. Water (a) Alluvial (b) Marine (c) Lacustrine River deposits—soils mixed, sorted, and deposited according to size. Fine-grained deposition in salt water. Fine-grained deposition in fresh water lakes. 

A downward component of flow is present during periods of high seasonal water table and when Spring Creek and Slab Cabin Run are in flood. During periods of flood, surface water comes into contact with isolated carbonate bedrock outcrops located along the valley slopes of these creeks and provide local pathways for contaminated surface waters to enter the karst aquifer. Elsewhere, flood waters come in contact with residual and transported soil that blankets the lower portion of valley slopes, hence, preventing the direct entry of surface water into the local aquifer. 

Contaminants may migrate within saturated residual or transported soils, within soil macropores, or within small interconnected pores where they find their way into groundwater. In either case contaminant dispersal will be limited to distinct groundwater subbasins defined by fixed or transient groundwater divides, by the hydraulic-head distribution within the flow system, and by geological barriers which restrict flow such as the presence of poorly permeable soil or bedrock units. 

Vanderborght, J., Gonzalez, C., Vanclooster, M., Mallants, D., and Feyen, J. Effects of soil type and water flux on solute transport. Soil-Science-Society-of-America-Journal 61 [2], 372-389. 1997. 

Persistence—P (half-life in days) Soil or sediment >180 days or Water >60 days Soil or sediment >60 to 180 days Water >40 to 60 days or Potential for long-range environmental transport Soil or sediment 30 to 60 days or Water 7 to 40 days Soil or sediment <30 days Water <7 days or Ready biodegradability... 

ASTM. D4220. Standard practices for preserving and transporting soil samples. In Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 4, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, Vol. 04.08, pp. 719-728. 

In addition to the residual soils, transported soils are also found in the tropics, though in terms of coverage, but not necessarily in the order of significance, they are less in extent than the residual soils. Transported soils by definition are soils that are formed from materials formed elsewhere and which have moved to the present site where they constitute the unconsolidated superficial layer. The physical processes through the operation of their agents of transportation i.e. mainly gravity and water have dislodged, eroded and transported soil particles to their present location. 

In the case of a tropical region such as Malaysia, the bedrock cover can be broadly divided into residual soil cover and transported soil cover. 

Transported soils are soils that has been transported and deposited by agents such as water, wind and gravity. The profiles of transported soils have a complex geometry and a different lithology. Therefore, average quantitative values might not reflect weaker sections. 

Transported soil These soils are weathered materials, taken away at other places by the process of transportation, by several agents. 

Depending upon the nature of transporting agents, the transported soil may be of types described in Table 5.3. 

Mase GE (1970) Theory and problems of continuum mechanics. McGraw-Hill, New York Milton GW (2002) The theory of composites. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Mitchell JK (1993) Fundamentals of soil behavior, 2nd edn. Wiley, Hoboken Miyahara K, Ashida T, Kohara Y, Yusa Y, Sasaki N (1991) Effect of bulk density on diffusion for cesium in compacted sodium bentonite. Radiochimica Acta 52/53 293-297 Moore WJ (1972) Physical chemistry, 4th edn. Prentice-HaU, Englewood CUffs Nakano M (1991) Material transporting soils. University Tokyo Press, Tokyo (in Japanese)... 

Rapid water runoff and nutrient losses occur when crop biomass residues are harvested for fuel and rainfall easily erodes soils. Water quickly runs off unprotected soil because raindrops free small soil particles thaL in turn, clog holes in the soil and reduce water infiltration. This water runoff transports soil organic matter, nutrients, sediments, and pesticides to rivers and lakes where it harms natural aquatic species. For example, conventional corn production lost an average of about 20 t/ha/yr of soil compared with only about 5 t/ha/yr with ridge- and no-till. 

Another widespread improvement was in crop rotations. By experimentation, it was found that an additional 2 years of grass cover greatly improved soil structure, increasing infiltration capacity and the entrapment of transported soil particles. The old, ubiquitous 3-year rotation with just one year in grass cover was modified to have 3 or even 4 years with grass. By 1975, 97% of cropland had at least 3 years of grass in the rotation. 

Soil liquefaction is a phenomenon in which cyclic shear deformation of soil causes high pore water pressure and reduces dramatically the shear rigidity of soil. Liquefied subsoil deforms profoundly and the function of the affected structure is lost. Liquefaction is likely to occur in loose, young, cohesionless, and water-saturated soil that is subjected to strong earthquake shaking. The high pore water pressure induces water flow toward the ground surface and this water flow transports soils. As a consequence, sandy deposits of crater shape remain (Fig. 30). 

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