Soil liquefaction

Sasaki, Y. et al. 1984. US-Japan cooperative research on in-situ testing procedures for assessing soil liquefaction (No. 1). 16th Joint Meeting, Washington, DC. 

Dobry, R., and Ladd, R.S. 1980. Discussion to soil liquefaction and cyclic mobility evaluation for level groimd during earthquakes. By H.B. Seed and Peck, R.B. Liquefaction potential science versus practice. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division 106/6,720-724. 

Seed, H.B. 1968. Landslides during earthquakes due to soil liquefaction. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, 94, No. SM-5, pp. 1053-1122. 

Seed, H.B. 1984. The role of case studies in the evaluation of soil liquefaction potential. Proceedings of the International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, W, St. Louis, MO. 

Seed, H.B., Arango, L, and Chan, C.K. 1975. Evaluation of Soil Liquefaction Potential during Earthquakes, Report No. EERC 75-28, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA. 

Seed, H. B., Idriss, I. M. (1982). Ground motions and soil liquefaction during earthquakes Monograph Series (Vol. 5). Earthquake Engineering Research Institute. 

Soil liquefaction and its post-liquefaction response have been of great interest in geotechnical engineering for more than three decades. Liquefaction induced failures include landslides,... 

Chang, N. Y. (1990). Influence of fines content and plasticity on earthquake-induced soil liquefaction. contract No. DACW3988-C-0078, US Army WES, MS. 

Seed, H.B, Martin, P.P., Lysmer, J. (1976). Pore water pressure change during soil liquefaction. 

Soil liquefaction plays a maj or role in the damage suffered by many a civil engineering structures. This is illustrated by many of the recent earthquakes including the Kobe earthquake of 1995... 

It is well known that soil liquefaction occurs in loose, saturated sand or silt layers. The cyclic shear stresses generated by the earthquake loading will cause the excess pore pressures rise over and above the hydrostatic pore pressures. The degree of liquefaction is often measured by the excess pore pressure ratio r defined as ... 

An extensive research program was undertaken at Cambridge University to investigate the response of bridge foundations to soil liquefaction. Amain component of this research was to conduct dynamic centrifuge tests on saturated sand deposits on which model bridge pier foundations were placed. 

The method first of all calculates the shear stress generated by the earthquake in the grotmd and then the shear stress bearable by the saturated soil. The comparison between the two quantities indicates if a soil liquefaction danger exists or not. 

Seed, H., Tokimatsu, K., Harder, L., Chung, R. and Arango, I. (1985) Influence of SPT procedure in soil liquefaction resistance evaluation , Journal of Geotechnique Engineering, ASCE, 112(12), pp. 1425-45. 

AR466 1.198 Procedures and criteria for assessing seismic soil liquefaction at nuclear power plant... 

Stability Control of Rafted Pile Foundation Against Soil Liquefaction... 

While a full scale experiment to investigate the seismic behavior of a real structure together with SSPW is hard to conduct, an analytical study with a well verified computational RC and soil model (Maekawa et al. 2003) can serve as an alternative to capture the overall efficiency of SSPW. In this study, the authors use a full three dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis of soil-structure-pore water systems. The applicability of the system was verified by shaking table experiments of top-heavy piles embedded in a liquefiable model foundation (Maki et al. 2004, 2005, Mohammed and Maekawa 2012 Mohammed et al. 2012a). Using this analytical platform, the effects of SSPW as a seismic countermeasure for the rafted pile foundation is discussed with regard to the base shear induced in the RC multistorey superstructure and its overall stability. Both cases of drained and undrained soils are considered in the analysis to clarify the potential effect of soil liquefaction. 

For existing multi-storey buildings supported through rafted pile foundations on a liquefiable soil, the steel sheet pile wall bearing on the non-liquefiable soil surface seems to be an optimum solution for protecting the building from soil liquefaction. 

Liu, Y.H., Yin, X.K., Xi, M.H. 2004. Effect on sandy soil liquefaction by clay particle and clay mineral. Site Investigation Science and Technology, (3), 6-8. (in Chinese). 

Zhu, S.L. 1980. Statistical analysis of the factors of sandy soil liquefaction in the Tangshan earthquake. Seismology and Geology, 2(2), 79-80. (in Chinese). 

Cao Zhen-zhong, Yuan Xiao-ming. Shear wave velocity based approach for evaluating gravel soils liquefaction. 

Du Guo-yun, Xing Xiu-cheng. Research on the soil liquefaction in the piedmont region of the Longmen Mountain. Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, 2010. 27(1) 108-112. 

---