Wind transport

INEEL. 241Am contamination occurred outside the SDA to a distance of 2,500 meters at the INEEL (Markham et al. 1978). Maximum concentrations of 241Am, 2,048 nCi/m2 (75.8 kBq/m2) in the 0-4" surface layer, near the perimeter of the SDA were thought to be due to flooding and to localized drainage of water, while low concentrations away from the SDA perimeter are a result of wind transport. Soil sampled at 118 plots around RF contained 241 Am ranging from 0.18 to 9,990 Bq/kg (0.0049-270 nCi/kg) with a mean and SD of 321 and 1,143 Bq/kg (8.67 and 30.9 nCi/kg), respectively (Litaor 1995). The distribution pattern reflects wind dispersion consistent with the prevailing winds at RF. 

In selecting a site for an incinerator, proximity to residential and other populations and local meteorologic conditions is considered to ensure a location that minimizes the prevailing wind transport of air emissions to affected populations. 

Wind transport. Wind-blown components are carried away over a more or less important distance as a function of wind velocity and particle size of the material. Wind speeds up till 6.5 m/sec transport dust and fine sand with a diameter of less than 0.25 mm sand grains up to 1 mm diameter are uplifted at wind speeds of 10 m/sec. At 20 m/sec also particles of 4-5 mm may be removed. Based on these physical laws, the transportation of coarse fragments, in casu the sand fraction, occurs over-relatively short distances from the deflation zones. These sand grains settle then in more or less continuous layers and either become progressively mixed with the underlying soil layers, or concentrate in dune formations. 

Wind (aeolian) transport (relocation by wind) can also occur and is particularly relevant when catalyst dust and coke dust are considered. Dust becomes airborne when winds traversing arid land with httle vegetation cover pick up small particles such as catalyst dust, coke dust, and other refinery debris and send them skyward. Wind transport may occur through suspension, saltation, or creep of the particles. 

Supratidal That part of the shoreline that lies above the highest reach of the high tides. This zone receives seawater only as a result of storm surges and wind transport. 

Dentener FJ, Carmichael GR, Zhang Y, Leheveld J, CratzenPJ (1996) Role of mineral aerosol as a reactive surface in the global atmosphere. J Geophys Res 101 22869-22889 Desboeufs KV, Losno R, Vimeux F, Cholbi S (1999) The pH-dependent dissolution of wind-transported Saharan dust. J Geophys Res 104 21287-21299... 

Each of the fluxes is an algebraic sum of other fluxes that determine the magnitudes of the net transport flows. Thus the flux driven by major physical forces is the flux of erosion or mechanical denudation of the land surface, and it may be viewed as a net sum of two terms, a water-transported and wind-transported material components ... 

Sediment, mineral salts, minor plant debris and wind-transported pollen were carried into the lakes by small local streams, but the majority of the organic material that is in the oil shale came from colonies of algae that thrived in the lakes. 

The scale of natural sources of particles is very wide. They enter into the air during volcanic activity, via wind transport from the earth s surface, during forest fires, by sea water spray, and they can also arrive from the interplanetary space in the form of meteorites. The group of particles of the natural origin also includes microorganisms, spores and pollen. 

EXPOSURE ROUTES wind transport from road dust wood treated with copper dichromate leather tanned with chromic sulfate chromate production stainless-steel production chrome plating working in tanning industries chromium waste disposal sites chromium manufacturing and processing plants consumption of food and drinking water inhalation of air... 

Salt-to-dust ratios may vary considerably over the different oceans, depending on source areas and wind transport. The salt component predominates within the first kilometer above the ocean surface, then decreases rapidly to very small values at 2 km. Above 2 km, sea salt aerosols appear to be insignificant when compared with the continental dust component (2, 3, 32, 66). 

Wind erosion is most obvious, and often most serious, in semiarid or arid regions, where vegetative cover is scarce or absent, but winds can also do much damage in humid regions. Wet soils are not subject to wind transport, but even in humid regions the surface soil can become air-dry in a very short time. The more the soil surface is disturbed by cultivation in the absence of crops, usually the greater is the opportunity for wind to transport it. 

Folger, D. W., 1970. Wind transport ofland derived mineral, biogenic and indnstrial matter over the North Atlantic. Deep Sea Res. 17 337-352. 

Desert aerosols exhibit some of the highest concentrations of coarse particles of any of the atmospheric aerosols and can be wind-transported virtually anywhere around the world. Desert particles can contain essential minerals and can play a significant role in fertilizing agricultural regions that lie great distances away from the deserts from which the particles originated [117]. 

Janiec, K. (1996). Short distance wind transport of microfauna in maritime Antarctic (King George Island,... 

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