Trace elements chromium

Lim TH, Sargent T, Kusubov N. 1983. Kinetics of trace element chromium(III) in the human body. 

MertzW. 1974. The newer essential trace elements, chromium, tin, vanadium, nickel and silicon. Proc Nutr Soc 33 307-131. 

A characteristic example of the performance of IC/ICP-OES is the spedation of chromium [190,191]. Due to it widespread use in industrial applications such as chromium plating, dye manufacturing, and preservation of wood and leather materials, chromium concentrations in environmental samples are monitored on a routine basis. Both the US EPA and the European Union have specified maximum admissible chromium concentrations in their respective drinking water directives. As with many other trace elements, chromium (Cr) is typically found in more than one chemical form, each of which with different chemical properties and behavior, such as bioavailability and toxicity. The spedation analysis of chromium is a challenging task, since the stability of different chromium species is easily affected by conditions during sample collection and treatment. For... 

Nutrition. Chromium, in the trivalent oxidation state, is recognized as an essential trace element for human nutrition, and the recommended... 

It appears that chromium(III) is an essential trace element in mammalian metabolism and, together with insulin, is responsible for the clearance of glucose from the blood-stream. Tungsten too has been found to have a role in some enzymes converting CO2 into formic acid but, from the point of view of biological activity, the focus of interest in this group is unquestionably on molybdenum. 

The sotrace elements, such as boron, cobalt, iron,copper, zinc, manganese, chromium, molybdenum and still others may also be used to advantage. Generally, these trace elements occur in sufficient quantities in the carbonaceous and nitrogenous constituents of the medium, particularly if derived from natural sources, or in the tap water, and the addition of further quantities of these trace elements may consequently be unnecessary. 

Mass Balance Estimates. Based on National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System monitoring reports, the total daily discharge of trace elements into the main stem Willamette River is of the order of 100 pounds per day. Seventy-five percent of the total is zinc with the bulk of the remainder due to chromium and copper. Table 6 identifies industrial and natural sources of trace elements into the Willamette basin. The table indicates that an average of 97 percent of all trace element loading to the basin is natural in origin. The natural component is due to weathering of soil and rocks in the basin and this... 

The element reacts violently with oxidants. There have been incidents reported with alkaline chlorates in the presence of water traces (incandescence), chromium (VI) oxide (violent reaction) and sodium peroxide (very sensitive explosive mixture). 

Trace elements are essential cofactors for numerous biochemical processes. Trace elements that are added routinely to PN include zinc, selenium, copper, manganese, and chromium. There are various commercial parenteral trace element formulations that can be added to PN admixtures (e.g., MTE-5 ). Zinc is important for wound healing, and patients with high-output fistulas, diarrhea, burns, and large open wounds may require additional zinc supplementation. Patients may lose as much as 12 to 17 mg zinc per liter of gastrointestinal (GI) output (e.g., from diarrhea or enterocutaneous fistula losses) however, others have demonstrated that 12 mg/day may be adequate to maintain these patients in positive zinc balance.18 Patients with chronic diarrhea, malabsorption, and short-gut syndrome may have increased selenium losses and may require additional selenium supplementation. Patients with severe cholestasis should have copper and manganese... 

Trace elements Provide standard parenteral trace element preparation (containing zinc, copper, manganese, chromium, and selenium) daily in PN Assess patient for any possible adjustments needed (e.g., delete copper and manganese from PN if the patient has evidence of severe cholestasis, supplemental zinc and selenium for any Gl or fistula losses) or potential deficiencies... 

Ruby and Sapphire. Ruby and sapphire are "sister stones" both are gemstone forms of the mineral corundum (composed of aluminum oxide). Pure corundum is colorless, but a variety of trace elements cause corundum to exhibit different colors. Ruby is red corundum, while sapphire is corundum in all colors except red. The red in rubies is caused by trace amounts of chromium the more intense the red color of a ruby, the more chromium it contains. The blue in sapphires is caused by titanium and/or iron impurities (Garland 2002 Hughes 1997). 

Reduction-oxidation is one of the most important processes controlling solubility and speciation of trace elements in soils, especially for those elements with changeable values, such as Cr, As and Se. Within normal ranges of redox potentials and pH commonly found in soils, the two most important oxidation states for Cr are Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Cr(III) is the most stable form of chromium and less soluble and nontoxic, but Cr(VI) is mobile, soluble and toxic. The main aqueous species of Cr(III) are Cr3+, Cr(OH)2+, Cr(OH)3° and Cr(OH)4" and the major aqueous species of Cr(VI)... 

Eight trace elements of greatest environmental concern are chosen, which are arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). These eight trace elements will be discussed in this chapter in the order of their production and level of environmental concern, as presented above. Of these, copper and lead are known to be the earliest metals utilized by humans. Lead was used by humankind at least 5000 years ago (Settle and Patterson, 1980 Adriano, 1986). The production of these eight elements has increased considerably since the dawn of the industrial age in the 1850s (Table 9.1). 

Shriadah et al. [516] determined molybdenum VI in seawater by densitometry after enrichment as the Tiron complex on a thin layer of anion exchange resin. There were no interferences from trace elements or major constituents of seawater, except for chromium and vanadium. These were reduced by the addition of ascorbic acid. The concentration of dissolved molybdenum (VI) determined in Japanese seawater was 11.5 pg/1, with a relative standard deviation of 1.1%. 

Chromium has proved effective in counteracting the deleterious effects of cadmium in rats and of vanadium in chickens. High mortality rates and testicular atrophy occurred in rats subjected to an intraperitoneal injection of cadmium salts however, pretreatment with chromium ameliorated these effects (Stacey et al. 1983). The Cr-Cd relationship is not simple. In some cases, cadmium is known to suppress adverse effects induced in Chinese hamster (Cricetus spp.) ovary cells by Cr (Shimada et al. 1998). In southwestern Sweden, there was an 80% decline in chromium burdens in liver of the moose (Alces alces) between 1982 and 1992 from 0.21 to 0.07 mg Cr/kg FW (Frank et al. 1994). During this same period in this locale, moose experienced an unknown disease caused by a secondary copper deficiency due to elevated molybdenum levels as well as chromium deficiency and trace element imbalance (Frank et al. 1994). In chickens (Gallus sp.), 10 mg/kg of dietary chromium counteracted adverse effects on albumin metabolism and egg shell quality induced by 10 mg/kg of vanadium salts (Jensen and Maurice 1980). Additional research on the beneficial aspects of chromium in living resources appears warranted, especially where the organism is subjected to complex mixtures containing chromium and other potentially toxic heavy metals. 

Trivalent chromium (Cr+3) is an essential trace element in humans and some species of laboratory animals, but the database is incomplete for other groups of organisms... 

Frank, A., V. Galgan, and L.R. Petersson. 1994. Secondary copper deficiency, chromium deficiency and trace element imbalance in the moose (Alces alces L.) effect of anthropogenic activity. Ambio 23 315-317. 

Clinical syndromes are associated with deficiencies of the following trace elements zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, iodine, fluoride, molybdenum, and iron. 

Zinc, copper, chromium, manganese, and possibly selenium and molybdenum are the only trace elements that require supplementation during PN. 

Requirements for trace elements during organ failure are not clearly defined. Manganese and copper should be restricted or withheld in patients with cholestatic liver disease. Chromium, molybdenum, and selenium should be restricted or withheld in patients with renal failure. 

Nixon277 compared atomic absorption spectroscopy, flame photometry, mass spectroscopy, and neutron activation analysis as methods for the determination of some 21 trace elements (<100 ppm) in hard dental tissue and dental plaque silver, aluminum, arsenic, gold, barium, chromium, copper, fluoride, iron, lithium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, rubidium, antimony, selenium, tin, strontium, vanadium, and zinc. Brunelle 278) also described procedures for the determination of about 20 elements in soil using a combination of atomic absorption spectroscopy and neutron activation analysis. 

For removing low levels of priority metal pollutants from wastewater, using ferric chloride has been shown to be an effective and economical method [41]. The ferric salt forms iron oxyhydroxide, an amorphous precipitate in the wastewater. Pollutants are adsorbed onto and trapped within this precipitate, which is then settled out, leaving a clear effluent. The equipment is identical to that for metal hydroxide precipitation. Trace elements such as arsenic, selenium, chromium, cadmium, and lead can be removed by this method at varying pH values. Alternative methods of metals removal include ion exchange, oxidation or reduction, reverse osmosis, and activated carbon. 

Izbicki JA, BaU JW, Bullen TD, Sutley S J (2008) Chromium, chromium isotopes and selected trace elements. Western Mojave Desert, USA, Appl Geochemistry 23 1325-1352 Jaffres JB, Shields GA, Wallmann K (2007) The oxygen isotope evolution of seawater a critical review of a long-standing controversy and an improved geological water cycle model for the past 3,4 billion years. Earth Sci Rev 83 83-122... 

The essential microelements are only required in trace amounts (see also p.2). This group includes iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), selenium (Se), and molybdenum (Mo). Fluorine (F) is not essential for life, but does promote healthy bones and teeth. It is still a matter of controversy whether vanadium, nickel, tin, boron, and silicon also belong to the essential trace elements. 

According to the technology developer, geochemical fixation can treat dissolved hexavalent chromium and other metals in groundwater at concentrations ranging from the detection limit to several hundred parts per milhon. The developer asserts that geochemical attenuation can treat most of the common heavy metals, trace elements, and namral radionuclides that occur in groundwater, such as metal-cyanide complexes, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, selenium, uranium, and radium. 

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