Mammalian metabolism

It appears that chromium(III) is an essential trace element in mammalian metabolism and, together with insulin, is responsible for the clearance of glucose from the blood-stream. Tungsten too has been found to have a role in some enzymes converting CO2 into formic acid but, from the point of view of biological activity, the focus of interest in this group is unquestionably on molybdenum. 

Biocatalytic access to both antipodal sulfoxides was exploited in total syntheses of bioactive compounds, which is outlined in some representative examples. Biooxidation of functionalized dialkyl sulfides was utilized in the direct synthesis of both enantiomers of sulforaphane and some analogs in low to good yields and stereoselectivities (Scheme 9.27) [206]. This natural product originates from broccoli and represents a potent inducer of detoxification enzymes in mammalian metabolism it might be related to anticarcinogenic properties of plants from the cruciform family. All four possible stereoisomers of methionine (R = Me) and ethionine sulfoxides... 

Mammaerts GP, Van Veldhoven PP Role of peroxisomes in mammalian metabolism. Cell Biochem Funct 1992 10 141. 

Smith RV. Rosazza J.P. (1975) Microbial models of mammalian metabolism. Pharm Sci, 64, 1737-1759. 

Very recently Li et al. (2006) reported comparative studies of the similarities and differences between the microbial and mammalian metabolisms of l-THP, the microbial transformation by Penicillium janthinellum, and metabolism in rats [46]. The biotransformation of l-THP by P. janthinellum AS 3.510 resulted in the formation of three metabolites. Their structures (shown in Fig. 5) were identified as L-corydalmine, L-corypalmine, and 9-0-desmethyl-L-THP, by comprehensive NMR and MS analysis [46]. 

Rosazza JP, Rammer M, Youel L (1977) Microbial models of mammalian metabolism 0-demethylations of papaverine. Xenobiotica 7(3) 133-143... 

Moussa C et al. (1997) Microbial models of mammalian metabolism. Fungal metabolism of phenolic and nonphenolic p-cymene-related drugs and prodrugs. 11. Metabolites of nonphenolic derivatives. Drug Metab Dispos 25(3) 311-316... 

In the 1970s, Smith and Rosazza introduced the concept of microbial models of mammalian metabolism [38,39]. Two reviews in this area were published in 1999 [40,41]. Since these, there have been numerous reports describing the use of microbial biotransformation in drug metabolism studies [42-54]. These reports demonstrated that microbial enzymes were able to... 

Abourashed, E.A., Clark, A.M. and Hufford, C.D. (1999) Microbial models of mammalian metabolism of xenobiotics an updated review. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 6, 359-374. 

Rao, G.P. and Davis, P.J. (1997) Microbial models of mammalian metabolism biotransformation of HP 749 (besipirdine) using Cunninghamella elegans. Drug Metabolism and Disposition The Biological Fate of Chemicals, 25, 709-715. 

Proposed scheme for in vitro mammalian metabolism of acrolein and allyl alcohol, a precursor of acrolein... 

Figure 10.1 Proposed scheme for in vitro mammalian metabolism of acrolein and allyl alcohol, a precursor of acrolein. (Adapted from Beauchamp etal. 1985 ATSDR 1990 Eisler 1994.)...

This chapter presents an overview of mammalian metabolic fates of pyrethroids, enzymes responsible for biotransformation, human metabolism and species, isomers, and age differences of pyrethroids. 

Kaneko H (2011) Pyrethroids mammalian metabolism and toxicity. J Agric Food Chem 59 2786-2791... 

The concept of microbial models of mammalian metabolism was elaborated by Smith and Rosazza for just such a purpose (27-32). In principle, this concept recognizes the fact that microorganisms catalyze the same types of metabolic reactions as do mammals (32), and they accomplish these by using essentially the same type of enzymes (29). Useful biotransformation reactions common to microbial and mammalian systems include all of the known Phase I and Phase II metabolic reactions implied, including aromatic hydroxylation (accompanied by the NIH shift), N- and O-dealkylations, and glucuronide and sulfate conjugations of phenol to name but a few (27-34). All of these reactions have value in studies with the alkaloids. 

Strategy in Using Microbial Models of Mammalian Metabolism. In... 

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