Toxicology mycotoxins

Toxicology Mycotoxin Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia, USA (145)... 

Much toxicological data are available on this red pigment acute oral toxicity in mice, 90-day subchronic toxicological study, acute dermal irritation and corrosion, acute eye irritation and corrosion, anti-tumor effectiveness, micronucleus test in mice, AMES test Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay), estimation of antibiotic activity, and results of estimation of five mycotoxins. A new patent on Arpink Red was filed in 2001 with claims of anti-cancer effects of the anthraquinone derivatives and apphcations in the food and pharmaceutical fields. 

Fung F and Clark R F (2004), Health effects of mycotoxins a toxicological overview , J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol., 42 (2), 217-234. 

The naturally occurring mycotoxins, 125 and 126, produced mainly by fungi" and implicated in the variety of toxicoses in man and animals99 100, have been tritium labelled101 (equations 46 and 47) for use in toxicology metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies. Position 15 in verrucarol and position 16 in verrucarin A have been tritium-labelled, because they should not suffer from the loss of labelling protons during the... 

Park, D.L., Njapau, H. and Coker, R.D., Sampling programs for mycotoxins perspectives and recommendations, in Miraglia, M., van Egmond, H.P., Brera C. and Gilbert, J., eds., Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins Developments in Chemistry, Toxicology and Food Safety, Alaken Inc, Colorado, 1998. 

Bunner DL, Upshall DG, Bhatti AR (1985) Toxicology data on T-2 toxin. In Report of focus officers meeting on mycotoxin toxicity, Defense research establishment at Suffield Alta, Canada, 23-24 Sept 1985... 

JL Richard. Mycotoxins, toxicity and metabolism in animals a systems approach overview. In M Miraglia, HP van Egmond, C Brera, J Gilbert, eds. Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins—Developments in Chemistry, Toxicology and Food Safety. Fort Collins, CO Alaken, 1998, pp 363-397. 

The setting of MRLs for residues of veterinary drugs has been simplified somewhat since 1999, when the evaluation of old substances was completed and all MRLs are now developed and adopted by a unified central procedure. Much work has still to be done on the preparation and adoption of maximum levels for mycotoxins, heavy metals and other contaminants, such as PCBs and dioxins. Here one of the main factors delaying progress is the lack of data for toxicological evaluations and setting tolerable daily or weekly intakes. Furthermore, there is a lack of reliable data on levels of contaminants in individual foodstuffs and on dietary intakes of such substances. 

Stratakou, I. and van der Fels-Klerx, H. J. (2010). Mycotoxins in grapes and wine in Europe Occurrence, factors affecting the occurrence and related toxicological effects. W. Myco-toxin. 3, 283-300. 

With at least two different SRM-transitions available for the analysis of a compound, one transition can be used for quantification ( quantifier ) and the other one for result confirmation ( qualifier ). If the branching ratio of quantifier to qualifier is found outside pre-defined ranges of acceptance, it is typically tried to apply a reanalysis with a more extensive chromatographic separation in order to overcome co-elution of interfering compound and analyte. This quantifier-qualifier-principle is used extensively in GC-MS and is now often applied for quantitative LC-MS/MS application too—especially in legally strictly regulated environments as forensic toxicology or pesticide and mycotoxin analysis in feed and foodstuff [55], In contrast,... 

An overview of the literature shows that in the majority of cases, CA did yield accurate predictions of combination effects, even with mixtures composed of chemicals that operate by diverse modes of action. The studies available were dealing with mixtures of chemicals having an unspecific mode of action (membrane disturbance or narcosis) or with pesticides, mycotoxins, or endocrine disruptors. In ecotoxicol-ogy, CA usually produced more conservative predictions than IA. There are indications that this is true also for mammalian toxicology, but more data are needed to come to more definitive conclusions. The validity of CA or IA was confirmed for individual-based endpoints like growth or reproduction, but also for effects at the cellular or subcellular level and for community-based endpoints. 

Mycotoxicology is the study of the mycotoxins and their corresponding mycotoxicoses. It is a diverse discipline that encompasses basic sciences, such as chemistry, biochemistry and molecular biology, and multidisciplinary subjects, such as plant and animal pathology, toxicology, pharmacology and immunology. 

Ueno Y Trichothecenes Chemical, Biological, and Toxicological aspects. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1983. Vesonder RF, Golinski P in Chelkowski J (ed) Fusarium Mycotoxins, Taxonomy, and Pathogenicity. New York, Elsevier, 1989, pp 1-39. 

Woody MA, Chu FS Toxicology of Altemaria mycotoxins in Chelkowski J (ed) Altemaria-Metabolites, Biology and Plant diseases. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1992, pp 409-434. 

---