Toxicity mycotoxins

Mycotoxins, toxic metaboUtes of some fungi, can be assayed by immunochemical techniques to determine concentration in animal feed and foodstuffs. Some of the analytes assayed in kits and the detection limits are Hsted in Table 4 (45). These assays are especially advantageous for routine analysis of large samples of foodstuffs (45,46). 

Bunner DL, Upshall DG, Bhatti AR (1985) Toxicology data on T-2 toxin. In Report of focus officers meeting on mycotoxin toxicity, Defense research establishment at Suffield Alta, Canada, 23-24 Sept 1985... 

JL Richard. Mycotoxins, toxicity and metabolism in animals a systems approach overview. In M Miraglia, HP van Egmond, C Brera, J Gilbert, eds. Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins—Developments in Chemistry, Toxicology and Food Safety. Fort Collins, CO Alaken, 1998, pp 363-397. 

In recent years there has been increasing interest in the use of primary and established animal and human cell lines in which mycotoxin toxicity is determined on morphological criteria and end-points like protein or DNA synthesis. The development of immortalised human cell lines is now being actively pursued to serve as standardised bioassays for the detection of food toxins including mycotoxins (Lewis et al., 1998). 

S PS, 80S PT [1], yeast ribosome binding [0.7-2 nM] PS, 80S ribosomal 60S subunit PT (triggers ribotoxic stress response activatingJNK1) [antibacterial, mycotoxin, toxic] PS - 80S ribosomal 60S subunit PT (at 10) [caspase-3 activation (at 10) apoptotic, cytotoxic]... 

Repair immune System Mycotoxins Toxicity Testing,... 

The most common symptoms in both Southeast Asia and Afghanistan included vomiting (71%) diarrhea (53%) skin irritation, burning, and itching (44%) rash or blisters (33%) bleeding (52%) and dyspnea (48%).7 15 27 All of the symptoms listed could be attributed to trichothecene mycotoxin toxicity. 

The analysis of mycotoxins, toxic substances produced by some fungi, is essential to guaranteeing the safety of foods such as cereals, nuts, oilseeds, and spices since the discovery of their significance to human health. The main mycotoxins, like aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, are determined using HPLC with octyl-or octadecyl-bonded phases and polar solvents such as methanol, acetonitrile, and water. For detection with the required sensitivity and selectivity, spectrofluori-metric detection is the most common method, with increasing use of mass spectrometric interfaces. 

Related studies on beneficial effects of thiols in reducing mycotoxin toxicity are described by Mandel et al. (20) and Shetty et al. (21). 

Trichothecenes, mycotoxins, toxicity. Photobacterium phosphoreum, Micro-tox, moulds, fungi. 

Mycotoxins. The condition produced by the consumption of moldy foods containing toxic material is referred to as mycotoxicosis. Molds and fungi fall iato this category and several derive thek toxicity from the production of oxaflc acid, although the majority of mycotoxias are much more complex. 

Compounds that Cause Kidney Damage Several drugs and some anesthetic compounds such as methoxyflurane cause kidney damage when present at high doses. Kidney-toxic compounds found in occupational environments include mycotoxins, halogenated hydrocarbons, several metals, and solvents (see Table 5.16). 

A considerable number of mycotoxins that show high toxicity to vertebrates and/ or invertebrates are produced by organisms associated with crop plants (Flannigan 1991). There are many known cases of human poisoning caused by such compounds. There are three broad categories of mycotoxins represented here, based on the structures of the intermediates from which these secondary metabolites are derived. They are (1) compounds derived from polyketides, (2) terpenes derived from mevalonic acid, and (3) cyclic peptides and derivatives thereof. 

Flannigan, B. (1991). Mycotoxins In D MeUo J.P.F, Duffus, C.M., and Duffus, J.H. (Eds.) Toxic Substances in Crop Plants. London Royal Society of Chemistry, 226-250. 

Assessment of whether a chemical has the potential to cause adverse effects in humans arises usually from direct observation of an effect in animals or humans, such as the acute poisoning episodes that have occurred when potatoes contain high levels of glycoalkaloids. Epidemiological studies have also been used to infer a possible relationship between intake of a particular type of food, or constituent of that food, and the potential to cause an adverse effect. Such observations led to the characterisation of the aflatoxins as human carcinogens. However, natural toxic substances that occur in plant foods have often been identified through observations in animals, particularly farm animals. It was observations of adverse effects in farm animals that led to the further characterisation of the phytoestrogens and the mycotoxins. In other instances, the concern arises from the chemical similarity to other known toxins. 

Much toxicological data are available on this red pigment acute oral toxicity in mice, 90-day subchronic toxicological study, acute dermal irritation and corrosion, acute eye irritation and corrosion, anti-tumor effectiveness, micronucleus test in mice, AMES test Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay), estimation of antibiotic activity, and results of estimation of five mycotoxins. A new patent on Arpink Red was filed in 2001 with claims of anti-cancer effects of the anthraquinone derivatives and apphcations in the food and pharmaceutical fields. 

Of four basic trichothecene groups (A, B, C and D), types A and B represent the most important mycotoxins. Type A includes the T-2 toxin that can suppress the immune system and can cause damage to bone marrow. The T-2 toxin is about 14 times more toxic than the most widespread Fusarium-based type B mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), previously called vomitoxin. DON is a... 

Creppy E E (2005), Update of survey, regulation and toxic effects of mycotoxins in Europe , Toxicol. Lett., 127, 19-28. 

D Mello J P F, Porter J K and Macdonald A M C (1997), Fusarium mycotoxins , in D Mello J P F, Handbook of Plant and Fungal Toxicants, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 287-301. 

Steyn PS (1995) Mycotoxins, general view, chemistry and structure. Toxic Lett 82/83 843-851... 

Zinedine A, Soriano JM, Molto JC, Jordi Manes J (2007) Review on the toxicity, occurrence, metabolism, detoxification, regulations and intake of zearalenone an oestrogenic mycotoxin. Food Chem Toxicol 45 1-18... 

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