Fusarium mycotoxins

D Mello J P F, Porter J K and Macdonald A M C (1997), Fusarium mycotoxins , in D Mello J P F, Handbook of Plant and Fungal Toxicants, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 287-301. 

Doll S, Valenta H, Danicke S and Flachowsky G (2002), Fusarium mycotoxins in conventionally and organically grown grain from Thuringia/Germany , Landbauforschung Volkenrode, 52, 91-96. 

Engels R and Kramer J (1996), Incidence of Fusaria and occurrence of selected Fusarium mycotoxins on Lolium spp. in Germany , Mycotoxin Res., 12, 31 -0. 

Tanaka T, Hasegawa A, Yamamoto S, Lee U, Sugiura Y and Ueno Y (1988), Worldwide contamination of cereals by Fusarium mycotoxins nivalenol, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone , 1. Survey of 19 countries, J. Agric. Food Chem., 36, 979-983. 

Jemmali M, Ueno Y, Ishii K, Frayssinet C, Etienne M (1978) Natural occurrence of trichothecenes, nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin and zearalenone in corn. Experientia 34 1333-1334 Josephs RD, Schuhmacher R, Krska R (2001) International interlaboratory study for the determination of the Fusarium mycotoxins zearalenone and deoxynivalenol in agricultural commodities. Food Addit Contam 18 417-430... 

Josephs RD, Krska R, MacDonald S, Wilson P, Pettersson H (2003) Preparation of a calibrant as certified reference material for determination of thc fusarium mycotoxin zearalenone. J AOAC Int 86 50-60... 

Krska R (1998) Performance of modern sample preparation technique in the analysis of Fusarium mycotoxins in cereals. J Chromatogr A 815 49-57 Krska R, Josephs R (2001) The state-of-the-art in the analysis of estrogenic mycotoxins in cereals. J Anal Chem 369 469-476... 

A number of fusarium mycotoxins are produced, depending upon geographic origin. Among them are deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins, and T-2 toxin. 

Charmley, L.L. and Prelusky, D.B., Decontamination of Fusarium mycotoxins, in Miller, J.D. and Tremholm, H.L., eds.. Grain - compounds Other Than Aflatoxin Mycotoxins, Eagan Press, St. Paul, 1994. 

Nowicki, T.M. et al., Retention of the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in wheat during processing and cooking of spaghetti and noodles, J. Cereal Chem., 8, 189, 1988. 

EW Sydenham, PG Thiel, WFO Marasas, GS Shephard, DJ Van Schalkwyk, KR Koch. Natural occurence of some fusarium mycotoxins in com from low and high esophageal cancer prevalence areas of Transkei, Southern Africa. J Agric Food Chem 38 1900-1903, 1990. 

JC Young. Supercritical fluid chromatography of fusarium mycotoxins. J Chrom 627 247-254, 1992. 

R Lauren, MP Agnew. Multitoxin screening method for Fusarium mycotoxins in grains. J Agric Food Chem 39 502-507, 1991. 

DR Lauren, MA Ringrose. Determination of the fate of three Fusarium mycotoxins through wetmilling of maize using an improved HPLC analytical technique. Food Add Contam 14(5) 435-443, 1997. 

Smith, T.K. and Seddon, I.R. (1998) Synergism demonstrated between fusarium mycotoxins. Feedstuffs 22 June, 12-17. 

Placinta, C.M., D Mello, J.P.F., and Macdonald, A.M.C. 1999. A review of worldwide contamination of cereal grains and animal feed with Fusarium mycotoxins. Animal Feed Sci Technol 78(1) 21-37. 

The regulatory issues are less well-defined for mycotoxins other than aflatoxins. But with increasing data on specific toxicity of Fusarium mycotoxins such as fiimonisins, regulatory guidelines are being considered for these toxins as well. For example, in the USA, advisory limits exist for deoxynivalenol (DON) at 5-lOmg/kg (5-10 parts per million ppm) in animal feeds [7]. 

Ueno Y Trichothecenes Chemical, Biological, and Toxicological aspects. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1983. Vesonder RF, Golinski P in Chelkowski J (ed) Fusarium Mycotoxins, Taxonomy, and Pathogenicity. New York, Elsevier, 1989, pp 1-39. 

Park J, Smalley EB, Chu FS Natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins of the 1992 com crop in the field. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996 62 1642-1648. 

The above steps in secondary metabolism have been known since the mid-1940 s. It has also been known for a long time that certain fungal secondary metabolites end up in crop residues (e.g. Fusarium mycotoxins) although it has been difficult to correlate data from stirred jar fermentors studies with that from crop studies e.g. corn ears. Recently, however. Hale and Eaton (19) demonstrated that the characteristic cavities of wood soft rot fungi (mostly molds) are explained by the fact that filamentous fungi do not grow in a continuous fashion in solid substrates. 

Table 1. Mycotoxicoses producing fungi and major pollutants of Fusarium mycotoxins... 

Tanaka, T. etal. Alimited survey of fusarium mycotoxins. Food. Addit. 3,247-252,1986. 

Better known as Fusarium mycotoxin. LD50 (rat) 4 mg/kg. Irritant, produces aleukia in birds. Bread contaminated with this toxin killed 1000s of Russians in the period after WWI. Poisonous by all routes. Produces vomiting and haematemesis. 

Cetin Y, Bullerman L B (2005). Cytotoxicity of Fusarium mycotoxins to mammalian cell cultures as determined by the MTT bioassay. Food Chem. Toxicol. 43 755-764. Saade E E, Dunphy G B, Bernier R L (1996). Response of the carrot weevil, Listrono-tus oregonensis (Coleoptera Curculionidae), to strains of Bacillus thuringiensis. Biol. Control. 7 293-298. 

Fusarium Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol scFv Mouse Immune [78]... 

Rosen RT, RosenJD. Presence of four Fusarium mycotoxins and synthetic material in yellow rain Evidence for the use of chemical weapons in Laos. Biomed Mass Spectrom. 1982 9(10) 443-450. 

The analytical procedure that is used by this laboratory for the analysis of simple Fusarium mycotoxins will be reported separately. However, the analytical scheme is outlined in Figure 2. The method is very arduous due to several sample clean-up steps which necessitates transfer of the sample between containers. The trichothecenes and their derivatives have a tendency to adhere to glass and can be quantitatively transferred only with numerous methanol washes. While the analytical method is both sufficiently sensitive and definitive for the program requirements, the sheer amount of human manipulation required for the completion of this analysis makes it somewhat unreliable if implemented without a responsible quality assurance and quality control program. 

Luo Y, Lin E, Yang J, Zhang J, Ye Y, Li Y, Jiang Y, Zhang N, Wang Z (1993) Analysis and Identification of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Com Cultuie of Fusarium camptoceras. Zhenjun Xuebao 12 77 Chem Abstr 119 153704... 

Gams W (1989) Taxonomy and Nomenclature of Microdochium nivale (Fusarium nivale). In Chelkowski J (ed.) Fusarium Mycotoxins, Taxonomy and Pathogenicity, p. 195. Elsevier, Amsterdam... 

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