Toxicology overview

Fung F and Clark R F (2004), Health effects of mycotoxins a toxicological overview , J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol., 42 (2), 217-234. 

A detailed discussion of the many complex processes by which toxins are absorbed, modified, stored, and excreted by the body is far beyond the scope of this chapter. Interested readers are referred to toxicology overview volumes and texts such as Sullivan and Krieger (2001), and Klassen (2001). 

Abbott, P. J. (1986). Caffeine A toxicological overview. The Medical Journal of Australia, 145, 518-521. 

Flury, M. Huehler, H. Brilliant Blue FCF as a dye tracer for solute transport studies— toxicological overview. J. Environ. Qual 1994, 23, 1108-1112. 

Acute and Chronic Toxicity. Although chromium displays nine oxidation states, the low oxidation state compounds, -II to I, all require Special conditions for existence and have very short lifetimes in a normal environment. This is also tme for most organ ochromium compounds, ie, compounds containing Cr—C bonds. Chromium compounds that exhibit stabiUty under the usual ambient conditions are limited to oxidation states II, III, IV, V, and VI. Only Cr(III) and Cr(VI) compounds are produced in large quantities and are accessible to most of the population. Therefore, the toxicology of chromium compounds has been historically limited to these two states, and virtually all of the available information is about compounds of Cr(III) and/or Cr(VI) (59,104). However, there is some indication that Cr(V) may play a role in chromium toxicity (59,105—107). Reference 104 provides an overview and summary of the environmental, biological, and medical effects of chromium and chromium compounds as of the late 1980s. 

An overview of some basic mathematical techniques for data correlation is to be found herein together with background on several types of physical property correlating techniques and a road map for the use of selected methods. Methods are presented for the correlation of observed experimental data to physical properties such as critical properties, normal boiling point, molar volume, vapor pressure, heats of vaporization and fusion, heat capacity, surface tension, viscosity, thermal conductivity, acentric factor, flammability limits, enthalpy of formation, Gibbs energy, entropy, activity coefficients, Henry s constant, octanol—water partition coefficients, diffusion coefficients, virial coefficients, chemical reactivity, and toxicological parameters. 

Overview of the non-clinical testing strategy Pharmacology Pharmacokinetics Toxicology... 

Munkittrick, K.R., McMaster, M.E., McCarthy, L.H. et al. (1998). An overview of recent studies on the potential of pulp-mill effluents to alter reproductive parameters in fish. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part B-Critical Reviews 1, 347-371. 

Screening Techniques for Detecting Toxicity. Simple toxicity screening techniques are necessary to identify toxic species and to monitor the efficacy of isolation and purification procedures used to purify toxins. Atterwill and Steele 108) have recently comprehensively reviewed in vitro methods for toxicology and so much of the following is in the nature of a general overview. 

Costa M, Christie NT, Cantoni O, ZelikofF JT, Wang XW, Rossman T. 1991. DNA damage by mercury compounds an overview. In Suzuki T, Imura N, Clarkson TW, editors. Advances in mercury toxicology — Rochester Series on Environmental Toxicity. New York (NY) Plenum Press, p. 255-273. 

O Shea TJ, Tanabe S. 2003. Persistent ocean contaminants and marine mammals a retrospective overview. In Vos JG, Bossart GD, Fournier M, O Shea TJ, editors, Toxicology of marine mammals, London (UK) Taylor Francis, p. 99-134. 

A large number of DNA-alkylating agents are known and we will not attempt a comprehensive survey here. A number of excellent reviews provide an overview of this area. " Here we will review DNA alkylation by three types of reactive intermediates that are important in medicinal chemistry and toxicology— episulfonium ions, aziridinium ions, and carbocations. 

Bogusz, M., Franke, J. P., de Zeeuw, R. A., and Erkens, M., An overview of the standardization of chromatographic methods for screening analysis in toxicology by means of retention indices and secondary standards. Part II. High performance liquid chromatography, Fresenius ]. Anal. Chem., 347, 73, 1993. 

Masse,R., Histiogenesis of Lung Tumors Induced in Rats by Inhalation of Alpha Emitters an Overview, in Pulmonary Toxicology of Respirable Particles (C.L. Sanders et al., eds) p. 498, C0NF - 791002, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, USA (1980). 

Marrs, T.C. and B. Ballantyne. 1987. Clinical and experimental toxicology of cyanides an overview. Pages 473-495 in B. Ballantyne and T.C. Marrs (eds.). Clinical and Experimental Toxicology of Cyanides. Wright, Bristol. 

Coats, J.R., D.M. Symonik, S.P. Bradbury, S.D. Dyer, L.K. Timson, and G.J. Atchison. 1989. Toxicology of synthetic pyrethroids in aquatic organisms an overview. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 8 671-679. 

Cirelli, D.P. 1978. Patterns of pentachlorophenol usage in the United States of America — an overview. Pages 13-18 in K.R. Rao (ed.). Pentachlorophenol Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Environmental Toxicology. Plenum Press, New York. 

Dietert, R.R., Developmental immunotoxicology overview of issues including critical windows of development, Reproductive Toxicology, 17,478, 2003. 

Bernstein, J.A., Overview of diisocyanate occupational asthma, Toxicology, 111, 181, 1996. 

The potential toxicological effects [59] as well as an overview of the adverse experiences [60] for ciprofloxacin have been reported. Since some quinolones... 

Mangan FR, Flack JD, Jackson D. Preclinical overview of nabumetone. Pharmacology, bioavailability, metabolism, and toxicology. Am J Med 1987 83(4B) 6-10. 

Parry, J.M., Arlett, C.F. and Ashby, J. (1985). An overview of the results of the in vivo and in vitro test systems used to assay the genotoxicity of BZD, DAT, DAB and CDA in the second UKEMS study. In Comparative Genetic Toxicology The Second UKEMS Collaborative Study, (Parry, J.M. and Arlett, C.F., Eds.). Macmillan, London, pp. 597-616. 

Fishbein, L. An overview of environmental and toxicological aspects of aromatic hydrocarbons. III. Xylene, Sci. Total Environ., 43(1/2) 165-183, 1985. 

This chapter describes the main trends in ecopharmacovigilance, including an overview of the different contamination sources, fate, occurrence, toxicological effects on non-target organisms and associated risks. Moreover, perceived needs and gaps will be identified and the outcome of the discussion on this major issue will be provided. 

In general, the consequences of the assumptions of toxicological, statistical, and/or uncertainty factors made in the derivations of the TTC concepts are difficult to overview since there are uncertainties and drawbacks in more or less all of the available TTC approaches. 

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