Antifungal action

Many organic acids behave primarily as fungicides or fungistats, as fungi are known to be capable of growing at low-pH environments where the 

It was initially speculated that the antifungal action of organic acids is based on intracellular acidification, because this inhibits glycolysis (Leyva and Peinado, 2005). However, results obtained with exponentially growing cells, both in batch (Warth, 1991) as well as chemostat cultures (Verduyn et al., 1990), showed that glycolysis was enhanced when cells were cultured in the presence of sublethal concentrations of organic acids. It was also detected that phosphofructokinase activity was not inhibited (Warth, 1991). 

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Clotrimazole and other azole derivatives have a different mode of action than the polyenes, eg, amphotericin B. The latter biad to the ergosterol present ia the membranes of yeasts and fungi, but azole derivatives inhibit the cytochrome P-450 dependent biosynthesis of ergosterol (8—11). This inhibition not only results in a reduction of ergosterol, but also in an accumulation of C-14 methyl sterols. They disturb membrane permeabiUty, inhibit cell rephcation, and are basically responsible, in combination with the reduction of ergosterol levels, for the antifungal action. 

Dikshi, A., and A. Husain. Antifungal action of some essential oils against animal pathogens. Fitoterapia 1984 55(3) 171-176. 

Mechanism of Action The mechanism by which acetic acid exerts its antibacterial and antifungal actions is unknown. Therapeutic Effect Antibacterial and antifungal. Pharmacokinetics Unknown... 

It is obtained from Streptomyces noursei. It has similar antifungal action as amphotericin but is highly toxic and used topically only. It is effective against Candida, Histoplasma, Trichophyton, Blastomyces, Microsporum audouini etc. It is indicated in Candida albicans especially oral moniliasis. 

Griseofulvin is effective orally against dermatophyte infections caused by epidermophyton, microsporum, and trichophyton. It is ineffective against Candida and P orbiculare. Griseofulvin s mechanism of antifungal action is not fully understood, but it is active only against growing cells. 

The first example originates from older work (1) on the mode of antifungal action of dimethyldithiocarbamates. It could be proven that fungitoxicity is not connected with the dimethyldithiocarbamate ion as such or with its iron or zinc complexes used in practice, but with the very special properties of its 1 1 copper complex which is formed from the very minute but ubiquitous amounts of copper present in all natural waters, even in "pure" tap water. 

A few remarks may be made on the mode of antifungal action of tri- and disubstituted organotin and -lead compounds. Very little direct information is available in this respect. 

Thus, the presence of the carbohydrate chain in the molecule is necessary for antifungal action. The quantitative and qualitative composition of the chain significantly influences antifungal activity. 

Russell, A. D. Sc Furr, J. R. (1996) Biocides mechanisms of antifungal action and fungal resistance. Set Progr, 79, 27-48. 

OM 1563) has ANTIBACTERIAL and ANTIFUNGAL actions, and is used topically as a DERMATOLOGICAL AGENT for antiseborrheic use, including in shampoos. 

Krebs, H.A., Wiggins, D., and Stubbs, M. 1983. Studies on the mechanism of the antifungal action of benzoate. Biochemical Journal 214 657-663. 

Benzoic acid Various fruits, especially berries (cranberries, raspberries), plums, prunes, also cinnamon and cloves Antifungal action, specifically in acidic substrates Barbosa-Canovas et al. 2003 Chen et al. 2001 Penney et al. 2004... 

Miconazole [22916 47-8] has a potent antifungal action against dermatophytes and Candida species. It is also active against gram-positive bacilli and cocci. In vitrOy it is also effective against Trichomonas, Leishmaniay and Plasmodium. Miconazole is only moderately absorbed in the digestive tract. After intravenous administration, it is rapidly metabolized. 

Halogenated 8-hydroxyquinolines such as 5,7-diiodo-8-hydroxyquinoline (Diiodo-hydroxyquin, Fig. 7-9) and 5-chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline (Vioform) are useful as oral amebicides. Only the former is available in the United States for this purpose. (Iodochlorhydroxyquin is available in topical formulation for its dubious antifungal action.) The mechanism of action of these quinolines has not been established. 

Newer data suggest that the primary antifungal action of edifenphos is due to interference of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis by the transmethylation reaction of S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Therefore, the mode of action of edifenphos has a strong resemblance to that of IBP (Kitantin P ) (Kodama et al., 1980). 

The fungitoxic effect of phenols can be increased by the introduction of nitro groups. Even the introduction of a single nitro group strengthens the antifungal action, but dinitrophenols have been applied most widely as fungicides. Dinitro-... 

In the course of time several combinations of active substances have been introduced. Zineb combined with copper oxychloride exhibits a synergistic effect (Payen et al., 1954). The antifungal action of ziram against Botrytis spp. is increased by several orders of magnitude by the addition of complex-forming organic compounds e. g., 2-iminocyclopentane dithiocarboxylic acid (36) (Matolcsy et al.,... 

Kiopping, H. L. (1951) Chemical Constitution and Antifungal Action of Sulfur Compounds. Schotanus and Jens, Utrecht. 

Pluijgers, C. W. (1959) Direct and Systemic Antifungal Action of Dithiocarbamic Acid Derivatives, Schotanus and Jens, Utrecht. 

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