Toxic erythema

Toxic erythema with a maculopapular rash similar to that of measles and scarlet fever (B, left). Urticaria with itchy swellings as part of a Type 1 reaction including anaphylactic shock. 

Rabbit (5/sex/ group) 720 (males) 830 (females) Animals were exposed to up to 3560 mg/kg for 24 hours. All but 2 of the animals that died did so during the application period. Following the exposure period, local toxicity (erythema, oedema, necrosis and ecchymoses) was reported in an unstated number of animals, and persisted throughout the 14 day post-application observation period. Ulceration was also noted in an unstated number of animals at the end of the observation period. 8... 

Acute polymyositis and toxic erythema purpura have been described in a young woman treated with nifurtimox for Chagas disease she died with respiratory and renal failure (SEDA-11, 598) (1). 

Wakeel RA+, RMJ 296, 1071 Toxic epidermal necrolysis (1998) Knowles S +, J Am Acad Dermatol 38, 201 (passim) (1991) No Author, Lakartidningen (Swedish) 88, 3489 Toxic erythema... 

Isobutanol forms isobutylamine (toxic—erythema and blistering) with NH3 isobutyl chlorocarbonate, (CH3 )2CH—CH2—COOCl (eye and mucous membrane irritant) with phosgene and isobutyraldehyde (flammable) on air oxidation at 300°C (572°F) in the presence of Cu. 

Tullett GL (1966) Fatal case of toxic erythema after chlorpromazide (Diabinese). Br Med J 1 148... 

Mali JWH, Malten KE (1966) The epidemic of polymorph toxic erythema in the Netherlands in 1960. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 46 123-135 Marzulli FN, Maibach HI (1974) Status of topical parabens skin hypersensitivity. Int J Dermatol 13 397-399... 

Calcium chloride solutions, typically employed at 2—5% concentration, are used as antispasmodics, diuretics (qv), and in the treatment of tetany. Concentrated solutions of calcium chloride cause erythema, exfoUation, ulceration, and scarring of the skin (39). Injections into the tissue may cause necrosis. If given orally calcium chloride can cause irrita tion to the gastrointestinal tract unless accompanied by a demulcent. There is no pubHshed information on mutagenicity or carcinogenicity caused by calcium ions or calcium chloride. Calcium chloride has been given a toxicity or hazard level 3 (40). Materials in this classification typically have LD q below 400 mg/kg or an LC q below 100 ppm. 

Light and Toxic Reactions In many individuals, exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun causes skin reactions such as erythema, thickening of the epidermis, and darkening of existing pigment. Exposure to ultraviolet light also increases the risk of different forms of skin cancers, especially malignant melanoma. ... 

NSAIDs can induce a number of other adverse reactions, including bleeding disorders, anemia, thrombocytopenia, erythema nodosum, erythema multiforme, fixed drug eruptions, toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, leukocytocla-sitc vasculitis, recurrent fever with exanthema and, of course, the well-known gastric cytotoxicity. 

Erythema multiforme/Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis... 

Type II NF is generally a monomicrobial infection caused by invasive GAS. Occasionally S. aureus is implicated. Type II often occurs after minor trauma, such as an insect bite or abrasion.3 It is more severe than type I because invasive strains of GAS produce toxins that induce erythema, systemic toxicity, multiorgan failure, and shock.22... 

Skin Contact Don respiratory mask and gloves remove victim from source immediately and remove contaminated clothing decontaminate the skin immediately by flushing with a 5% solution of liquid household bleach wash off with soap and water after 3-4 min to remove decon agent and protect against erythema seek medical attention immediately to prevent systemic toxicity, decontamination should be done as late as 2 or 3 h after exposure even if it increases the severity of the local reaction further cleans with soap and water. 

If HL (C03-A010) is involved, then exposure of the skin will produce an immediate burning sensation, which may be quickly followed by reddening of the skin (erythema). In addition to other latent effects, casualties exposed to HL may also develop signs of systemic arsenic toxicity including diarrhea, damage to the liver, kidneys, nervous system, and the brain. 

Dermal Effects. Dermal effects have been observed in humans following exposure to -hexane. /7-Hcxanc was 1 of 11 solvents tested for dermal toxicity in a male volunteer (Wahlberg 1984). A slight transient erythema was observed after 10-20 minutes exposure to 1.5 mL -hexane and a stinging and/or burning sensation reported by the volunteer. Application of 0.1 mL neat -hexane did not cause clinical signs or affect blood flow. 

Mannisto and coworkers (1984) have published a series of articles on the dermal toxicity of the anthralins in the minipig. In one experiment, 24 sites per minipig were used to assess the acute dermal irritation of various concentrations to four different chemicals per site. The range of concentrations tested permitted them to calculate the median erythema concentration and median irritation concentrations with relatively... 

Clinical signs in humans and animals related to acute toxic exposure to 1,2-dibromoethane are depression and collapse, indicative of neurologic effects, and erythema and necrosis of tissue at the point of contact (oral and pharyngeal ulcers for ingestion, skin blisters and sloughing for dermal exposure). Neurologic signs are not seen in animals exposed to nonlethal doses. 

In the rabbit eye, a drop of the liquid caused superficial injury. The liquid on the belly of a rabbit caused a faint erythema of short duration. The toxic effects of acetonitrile are attributed to the metabolic release of cyanide via hepatic metabolism cyanide in turn acts by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase and thus impairs cellular respiration. Evidence of the cyanide effect is supported by the reported effectiveness of specific cyanide antidotes in acetonitrile poisonings. ... 

Direct contact with the liquid may cause erythema and vesiculation prolonged or repeated contact has been associated with the development of a dry, scaly dermatitis or with secondary infections. Some skin absorption can occur with lengthy exposure to solvents containing benzene and may contribute more to toxicity than originally believed, but the dermal route is considered only a minor source of exposure for the general population. ... 

Dermal application of up to 2.6g/kg resulted in no deaths and no signs of percutaneous toxicity moderate irritation of the skin was observed. Instillation of the liquid into the eye of a rabbit produced erythema and edema of the conjunctiva, tearing, and mucous secretion but no corneal injury. 

The percutaneous LDso values for 2 4-hour occluded contact on the skin of rabbits were 1.41ml/kg for males and 0.81 for females. Times of death ranged from 45 minutes to 1 day. Signs of toxicity were dilated pupils within 15-30min, convulsions in one animal, and excess, blood-stained saliva. Local signs of inflammation were erythema, edema, and necrosis. In survivors, inflammation persisted for up to 7 days with scab formation by 2 weeks. Instilled in the eye of rabbits, the liquid produced mild conjunctivitis without corneal injury. 

Applied to the skin of guinea pigs for 24 hours, a 10% solution caused only slight erythema at 10-20ml/kg whereas 5ml/kg caused no effect. There was no evidence of systemic toxicity after topical application. Triphenyl amine was not a skin sensitizer, as determined by repeated application of a 0.1M solution to guinea pigs. 

CNS Convulsions weakness malaise fatigue nervousness drowsiness depression dizziness disorientation confusion ataxia tremor tinnitus headache. Dermatologic Urticaria pruritus skin eruptions rash (including erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis) photosensitivity. 

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