Skin-blistering

Clinical signs and symptoms from mustard (H/HD) are not apparent until hours later skin blisters might not appear for up to twenty-four hours, but tissue damage occurs within two minutes. If decontamination is not done within the first two minutes after exposure, nothing can be done to prevent a mustard injury. Since mustard (H/HD) can be detected by human beings by smell in concentrations of 0.6 to 1.0 mg/m3 as a garlic, horseradish, or mustard odor an alert person will most likely smell the mustard vapor before encountering the liquid. 

Somatostatin (SOM), initially identified by its ability to inhibit the release of growth hormone, is known to have inhibitory effects on a variety of cells [ 109], In mast cells and in basophils, SOM, like NT, has inhibitory as well as stimulatory effects depending on the concentration used. At high concentrations (> 10 8 M), SOM is a powerful stimulus of peritoneal mast-cell secretion (from both normal and athymic rats) and resembles other non-immunologic secretagogues such as compound 48/80, SP and NT in that it triggers a rapid exocytosis that is primarily dependent on cellular Ca [ 110,111], A similar effect is seen in vivo when injected into skin or skin blisters at high concentrations (> 10-8 M), SOM causes a rapid, dose-dependent release of histamine [88, 112] but when used at concentrations lower than those which elicit a secretory... 

Bone marrow destruction May lead to death Skin blistering... 

Itchy pimples on face, neck, or arms Break in skin blisters Blisters break to form open ulceration Ulceration develops black scab Swelling Fever... 

Clinical signs in humans and animals related to acute toxic exposure to 1,2-dibromoethane are depression and collapse, indicative of neurologic effects, and erythema and necrosis of tissue at the point of contact (oral and pharyngeal ulcers for ingestion, skin blisters and sloughing for dermal exposure). Neurologic signs are not seen in animals exposed to nonlethal doses. 

Mustard gas A World War 1 weapon causing skin blisters and lung burns. 

In another study, the concentrations of hypericin and pseudohypericin in serum and skin blister fluid after oral intake (single and steady state) of... 

Schempp CM, Winghofer B, Langheinrich M, Schopf E, Simon JC. Hypericin levels in human serum and interstitial skin blister fluids after oral single-dose and steady-state administration of Hypericum perforatum extract (St. John s wort). Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 1999 12 299-304. 

If the patient presents with acute burning pain, the examination of choice is erythrocytic protoporphyrins. If the free protoporphyrin is significantly elevated (more than 6 pmol/1), the diagnosis of erythropoietic protoporphyria is established. Plasma porphyrins are used in patients on chronic hemodialysis who suffer from skin blisters to differentiate between PCT and pseudoporphyria the latter does not show increased plasma porphyrins. 

The treatment of EHK is complicated. On the one hand, hyperkeratosis must be reduced to minimize the disfiguring and foul-smelling scales. On the other hand, skin blisters and erosions must be protected from irritation in order to heal. A too potent keratolytic treatment will often aggravate the condition by disrupting the epidermal barrier and increasing the risk for painful and... 

Effusion of non-viscous serous fluid skin blisters exemplify this pattern of inflammation. 

While capsaicinoids may have a vesicant effect, depending on length of exposure, in most cases it produces a burning sensation and mild erythema. Capsaicins cause erythema and burning pain without vesiculation when applied topically to human skin (Smith et al, 1970 Burnett, 1989 Watson et al, 1996 Herman et al, 1998). Skin blistering and rash may occur after chronic or prolonged capsaicin exposures (Morton, 1971). 

While the decision to evacuate and hospitalize HD casualties is based on the extent [total body surface area (TBSA) > 5%], severity of the skin lesions, and the recognition of multiple organ involvement (Graham et al, 2005), the threshold to hospitahze children with HD injuries should be lower. One reason is that vapor mustard used by terrorists may cause extensive pulmonary involvement while producing mild skin blisters. 

Skin blistering, mucous membrane irritation Inflammation and mucous membrane irritation... 

As a therapeutic agent, mechlorethamine has many toxic effects. Acutely, it causes nausea and vomiting, skin blistering, and ulceration. After a week or two, it causes leukopenia, lymphopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, diarrhea, oral ulcers, and hyperuricemia. It can cause sterility and after a few years, leukemia. The most susceptible tissues are those with renewable cell populations, bone marrow, lymphoid tissues, and gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium. The therapeutic dose of mechlorethamine and most of the cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs is very close to the toxic dose. The therapeutic index (ratio of beneficial effect to toxic effect) is small. 

Vinyl acetate is moderately toxic when administered through ingestion, inhalation, and peritoneal injection. At low to moderate doses, it produces irritation at the point of contact. Prolonged dermal exposure may produce severe irritation and skin blistering. 

Hazard Vesicant gas, a poison. See arsenic. Use Poison gas, skin-blistering agent. 

Although incapacitating airway injury occurs at vapor exposures significantly lower than those that cause severe skin blistering, inhaled sulfur mustard injures respiratory epithelium from the nasopharynx to the bronchioles. Since WWI, the majority of deaths occurring in sulfur mustard casualties have resulted from respiratory complications (Vedder, 1925 Warthin et al., 1918 Willems, 1989). Mild cases are treated to allow maximum comfort, whereas severe cases must attain ade-... 

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