Total suspended particle

The total suspended particles value considered as input was 1.24 x 10 4 g m 3 whereas the global solar radiation was set at 158.95. Table 14 shows the input parameters used in the form of probability density function(PDF) and which allow the probabilistic analysis and sensitivity analysis in terms of simulation outcomes. 

Identification of organic components of ambient aerosols and estimation of the contributions of various pathways are of immediate interest for control strat es and could by achieved by using the existing monitoring networks so as to provide more information on aerosol chemical composition. In view of the adverse effects (e.g., on health and visibility) associated with submicrometer aerosols, an air quality standard for submicrometer particles might be more adequate than the present standard for total suspended particles. 

Figure 9.35 shows a typical set of mass size distributions for total suspended particles (TSP), Na, Cl, Al, V, NO-, S04, and NH4 at Chichi in the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, about 1000 km southeast of the main island of Japan (Yoshizumi and Asakuno, 1986). As expected for a marine site such as this, Na and Cl from sea salt predominate, and both the TSP and Na and Cl components peak in the coarse particle range. Al is also found primarily in the larger particles and is attributed to a contribution from soil dust. On the other hand, vanadium, non-sea salt sulfate (nss-S04 ), and ammonium are primarily in the fine particles. The vanadium levels are extremely low and likely reflect long-range transport of an air mass containing the products of combustion of fuel oil, which contains V because it is likely associated with a combustion source, it would be expected in the fine particle mode, consistent with Fig. 9.35. 

FIGURE 9.35 Observed size distributions of total suspended particles and some of the inorganic constituents of airborne particles at Chichi, Ogasawara Islands, Japan, in 1983 (adapted from Yoshizumi and Asakuno, 1986). 

TCLP TDB TDF THC TBP TEM TLM TM-AFM TOC TRLFS TRU TSP TST TVS Toxicity characteristics leaching procedure Thermodynamic database Tyre-derived fuel Total hydrocarbon Tri-n-butyl phosphate Transmission electron microscopy Triple layer model Tapping mode atomic force microscopy Total organic carbon Time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy Transuranic Total suspended particles Transition state theory Transportable vitrification system... 

Notes Particles can be measured with a variety of techniques. With cyclone or impactor separators, smaller fractions can be collected on filters. Mass can also be measured by using the optical properties of particles. For the most part, measuring particles requires equipment costing several hundred to a few thousand dollars. Filters must be pre- and post-weighed in a temperature- and humidity-controlled room TWA, time-weighted average TLV, threshold limit value TSP, total suspended particles and RSP, respirable particles. NA, not available. 

F is the equilibrium particle phase concentration of a compound (ng/m3) TSP is the concentration of total suspended particles ( tg/m3) cg is the equilibrium gas phase concentration and Cp is the concentration within the particle phase of the compound (ng/m3). In essence Kp is the ratio of the fractional concentration of a given organic compound on particles to its concentration in the gas phase. Within a given class of organic compounds, and in some cases even among different classes, experimental data shows that the logarithm of Kp tends to correlate in a linear fashion with the log of the saturation vapor pressure. Using Equation 2.2... 

Cp is the concentration of POPs associated with aerosols (ng/pg particles), Cg is the gas-phase concentration (ng/m3), and TSP is the total suspended particle concentration (pg/m3). Equation 6 is a general relationship that applies to any experimental or model estimate of Cg and Cp. Combining equations (3), (4), and (6) ... 

Several atmospheric aerosol samples were collected in Shanghai and Dalian and PCDD/Fs in total suspended particles were reported (Yang et al., 2004). The mean concentrations of total PCDD/Fs were 55.5 and 19.2 pg m-3, and the mean I-TEQs were 0.928 and 0.334pg m-3, respectively. The predominant congeners were the lower chlorinated congeners. The pollution level is comparable to the general trend of urban industrial sites (0.1-0.4 pg TEQ m-3, Lohmann and Jones, 2000). 

Pan et al. (1999) reported detailed observations of PAH decay in aerosols under UV light of 253.7 nm. The study used a high volume sampler to collect the total suspended particles in air with quartz filters as the supporter. The results showed that the photo degradation of PAHs under UV radiation took place immediately, and was a first-order reaction. The photodegradation rate constant (k) is related to the oxidation half-wave potential (Ei/2) and the structure of the PAHs. 

Because of this environmental concern, an extended study of the Ames power plant for generating electricity was begun in 1977. This study included all types of pollutants such as N0X, S0X, total suspended particles, fly ash, grate ash, and trace elements as well as the organic compounds from the combustion of coal alone and mixtures of coal and refuse derived fuel (RDF). The results in this report are confined to the organic compounds found in all of the... 

Asher et al. (2007) reported racemic air signatures of PCBs 91, 95, 136 and 149 in the New York/New Jersey Harbor Estuary, which is consistent with fresh emissions. However, they measured nonracemic signatures in water, total suspended particles, phytoplankton and sediment of the harbour. Accordingly, they inferred that PCB contributions from the... 

The amount of organic matter carried in particulate form by the Amazon depends largely on concentrations of total suspended particles (Fig. 15.7). The partitioning of riverine organic matter between fine particulate and dissolved forms as a function of fine suspended solids is illustrated in Fig. 15.14. The direct relationship of FPOM/DOC... 

The ISO/TC 116 SC 3 draft standard ISO/DIS 13336 [2] is based on measurement of the Total Suspended Particles (TSP) in a dilution tunnel, where the due gas is diluted with ambient air to a constant dow (Constant Flow Sampling, CFS), As an option, ca bon monoxide emissions can also be measured in the dilution tunnel. The heat output and efficiency arc directly measured with a calorimeter room, an insulated cabin which is cooled with ambient air. The ISO/DIS standard requires tests of three different bum rates with settings at the minimum, medium and maximum bum rate. 

The total particle load as TSP (Total Suspended Particles) is determined with a measuring method following the instructions of American Standards of the US Environ-memal Protection Agency (US-EPA). The filter unit consists of a sampling probe directly followed by a filter and back-up filter (filter-0 50mm). The flue gas samples arc taken isokincticly. 

The measurerneiit of particle emissions was done over a entire bum cycle of the slow heat release appliance. The total suspended particles (TSP) were measured in the flue duct and in the dilution tunnel. The particle size distribution was just measured in the dilution tunnel. 

Total suspended particles measured in the dilution tunnel (DT)... 

Total suspended particles measured in the flue gas PM 0,4 DT Particulate matter of the fractions < 400 nm and particle number (f/) with SMPS measured in the dilution tunnel (DT) ... 

Studies of outdoor air pollution in the Czech Republic have related sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxides, and total suspended particles in air to low birth weight.14... 

Chemical composition of particulate matter from Yellow sand phenomenon was studied in Seoul in spring 1998. The mean total suspended particle (TSP) mass concentration in urban air was 98.9 /zg m with the maximum 264.8 /zg m and the minimum 23.9/zg m (Cho et al, 1998). The ratio of mean SPS mass concentration for Yellow sand cases to that for the non-Yellow sand was 1.50, showing that the SPM tends to be greater in Yellow sand periods. The mean ratio of particles with diameter less than 10 pm (PM 10) to the TSP was 0.69 during Yellow sand cases. 

Elemental balances for atmospheric particles indicate that trace metals comprise only a small fraction of the total aerosol mass. Even in a highly industrialized city such as Linz (Austria), the relative contribution of trace metal compounds (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, V, Zn, and Pb compounds) to the total suspended particles (TSP) was found to be about 1%, while Ee-compounds comprised 1-8% of the TSP mass (Puxbaum etal. 1985). The major part of the TSP is formed by electrolytes (Na, K" ", NH, Cl , NOj, SO ) (25-35%), carbonaceous material (8-11%), and mineralic components (Ca, Mg, Si, Al compounds) (16-18%). Similar results were found for aerosols collected at a background site in the South African savanna (Puxbaum et al. 2000). 

The sampling method most widely used for ambient particles is the high volume sampler . This instrument has been standardized in many countries (FRG VDI 1972 USA US EPA 1971) and collects total suspended particles with sampling rates of 40 to lOOm h k During a sampling interval of 24 h, around 0.01-0.5 g of particles are retained which are evaluated gravimetrically and can be subjected to trace metal analysis. 

Suspended atmospheric particles vary in size and composition. " Smaller particles (<0.08 pm) arise from condensation from the vapor phase while the larger particles (>2.5 pm) are produced by processes such as the weathering of soils, volcanic activity, and so on. Composition of the particles will vary with location and total carbon comprises 10-20% of the total suspended particles (TSP)." The average urban TSP load has been reported to be 98 pg m of air." The vapor-particle distribution under held conditions is evaluated using a device" in which air is drawn through the sampler such that particles will be trapped hrst on a hlter while compounds in the vapor phase will be absorbed on the absorbent plug. Each phase... 

Pankow (1987) consolidated, and subsequently refined early approaches (Pankow and Bidleman 1991, 1992) to describe the equilibrium partitioning between gas and particles based on adsorption theory (Junge 1977 Yamasaki et al. 1982). Much attention has also been paid to the effect of relative humidity (RH) (Thibodeaux et al. 1991 Pankow et al. 1993 Storey et al. 1995) and nonexchangeable matter (Pankow 1988). Pankow (1988) defined the gas-particle partitioning coefficient, Kp (m pg ), which can be related to measured fractions/ concentrations of gas (Ca,g— retained by adsorbent) and particulate phase concentrations (Ca,p— retained by the filter) and the total suspended particle concentration (TSP), in pg m ... 

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