Tyre-derived fuel

Although tyres can be used as an alternate fuel, they are most often utilized as a supplemental fuel. Tyre fuel exists either in shredded form (known as TDF, or tyre-derived fuel) or as whole tyres. Tyre-derived fuel consists of tyre chips, usually no larger than 5 cm on a side (Blumenthal 1993). The size reduction procedure is itself an energy-intensive process, and costs increase as the particle size decreases (Atal Levendis 1995 Amari et aL 1999). The cost of cryogenic grinding of tyres can be as much as five times higher than that of pulverizing coal (Atal Levendis 1995). Whole tyres or TDF... 

TCLP TDB TDF THC TBP TEM TLM TM-AFM TOC TRLFS TRU TSP TST TVS Toxicity characteristics leaching procedure Thermodynamic database Tyre-derived fuel Total hydrocarbon Tri-n-butyl phosphate Transmission electron microscopy Triple layer model Tapping mode atomic force microscopy Total organic carbon Time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy Transuranic Total suspended particles Transition state theory Transportable vitrification system... 

Looking more closely at the fate of tyre waste in the USA, it was estimated in 2011 [5] that only around 10% was being recycled into new products, with over 50% being burned for energy recovery (e.g., tyre-derived fuel (TDF) oil) and the rest being discarded into landfill and so on. With respect to the proportion of tyres that are placed into landfill worldwide, a recent estimate has put this at 25% of the total number of waste tyres [6]. 

In July 2011 the EPA finalised the Deferral for CO2 Emissions from Bioenergy and Other Biogenic Sources under the Prevention of Significant Deterioration and Title V Programs rule. Under this rule, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the NR fraction in tyre-derived fuel were exempt from EPA GHG permits for three years. At the end of this period the EPA will consider the GHG emissions that resulted from biogenic sources during it in order to properly account for them in the future. 

P. T. Williams S. Besler and D. T. Taylor, The batch pyrolysis of tyre waste - fuel properties of the derived pyrolytic oil and overall plant economics. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part A. Journal of Power and Energy, 207, 55-63 (1993). 

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