Total smoke

Rate of heat calorimeters can be used to measure a number of the most important fire hazard parameters, including the peak rate of heat release, the total heat release, the time to ignition and smoke factor (a smoke hazard measure combining the total smoke released and the peak RHR [14, 18-20]). The smoke factor will give an... 

This parameter, the smoke parameter, is based on continuous mass loss measurements, since the specific extinction area is a function of the mass loss rate. A normal OSU calorimeter cannot, thus, be used to measure smoke parameter. An alternative approach is to determine similar properties, based on the same concept, but using variables which can be measured in isolation from the sample mass. The product of the specific extinction area by the mass loss rate per unit area is the rate of smoke release. A smoke factor (SmkFct) can thus be defined as the product of the total smoke released (time integral of the rate of smoke release) by the maximum rate of heat release [19], In order to test the validity of this magnitude, it is important to verify its correlation with the smoke parameter measured in the Cone calorimeter. 

The sustained-release (SR) form of bupropion is prescribed at a dose of 150 mg/ day for 3 days and then increased as tolerated to 150 mg twice a day. The XL form of bupropion is administered at a dose of 150mg/day for 3 days and then increased as tolerated to 300mg taken once daily. Bupropion should be taken for 12 weeks and can be used in conjunction with nicotine replacement. Patients should be advised to plan on total smoking cessation after the first week of treatment with bupropion. 

Note TTI, time to ignition PHRR, peak of heat release rate MAHRE, maximum average rate of heat emission THR, total heat release EHC, effective heat of combusion TSR, total smoke released. 

The standard Cone Calorimeter (Section 14.3.3.2.1) described in ASTM E 1354 includes a smoke photometer to measure light extinction in the exhaust duct. The system is based on a laser light source. The same system is also standardized internationally, although it is described in a separate document from the main Cone Calorimeter standard (ISO 5660-2). Smoke measurements are reported in terms of the average specific extinction area (ASTM E 1354 and ISO 5660-2) and the smoke production rate and total smoke production for the period prior to ignition and the flaming period (ISO 5660-2). 

Several standard room/corner test protocols are now available and are specified in codes and regulations for qualifying interior finishes. For example, U.S. model building codes require that textile wall coverings for use in unsprinklered compartments meet specific performance requirements when tested according to NFPA 265. The principal requirement of these tests is that flash-over does not occur. The same codes also require that all other interior wall and ceiling finish materials comply with requirements based on NFPA 286, including a limit on the total smoke released. 

FIGRA, fire growth rate THR600s, total heat release LFS, lateral flame spread SMOGRA, smoke growth rate TSP600s, total smoke production F flame spread FIPEC, Fire Performance of Electric Cables (Reference 105). 

The cone calorimeter,71 which is a dynamic flow-through fire test, can also be used to assess smoke obscuration. The rankings tend to be quite different from those found with the static smoke chamber and are much more realistic. Several empirical parameters have been proposed to make this compensation for incomplete sample consumption, including one called the smoke factor (SmkFct), determined in small-scale RHR calorimeters.188 It combines the two aspects mentioned earlier the light obscuration (as the total smoke released) and the peak RHR. 

Ethylene copolymers were compared with liquid plasticisers for use as additives to improve the flexibility of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) for electrical cable insulation applications. The PVCs were assessed by determining smoke generation, flammability, tensile properties and the low temperature brittle point. The ethylene copolymers gave similar peak heat release rates, but the peak smoke and the total smoke generation were lower. They also gave similar or increased strength, similar elongation and flexural modulus, and lower brittle point temperatures. 4 refs. 

Figure 13.7. Total smoke release vs. time. [Data from Herbert M J, Flame Retardants 96. Conference proceedings, London, 17th-18th Jan.1996,157-72.]...

Hydrocarbon Table Total Smoke Tobacco Smoke and T... 

The values for each fraction as a percentage of total smoke condensate were previously described by Wynder and Hoffmann (4311, 4312) Phenol-free. 

Acid Category Total Smoke Tobacco Tobacco and Smoke Reference... 

At that same TCRC in 1973, Johnson (1956) presented a paper on the antioxidant activity of tobacco smoke. The investigation was undertaken to determine whether or not smoke initiates or promotes the formation of radical peroxides which would in turn lead to lipid peroxidation. He found that both the vapor phase and particulate phase of smoke behaved as an antioxidant. Eractionation of the total smoke condensate showed antioxidant activity in the neutral and water-insoluble acidic fractions, with virtually no activity in the basic fractions. The mode of antioxidant action of tobacco smoke was discussed in terms of free radical mechanisms involving atom transfer, addition, substitution, and coupling. 

Component Table Total"" Smoke Tobacco Smoke and Tobacco... 

Best, F.W. Radiotracer studies with carbon-14 labeled glycerol Fate in total smoke in Proceedings of the international conference on physical and chemical processes occurring in a burning cigarette, edited by D.E. Townsend, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, Winston-Salem, NC (1987) 244—260, see www.ijrtdocs.com 510154818-4824. 

Best, F.W. Citric acid migration and distribution in total smoke of Salem KS and NN (a protocept that heats bnt does not bum tobacco) MDR, 1991, No. 011, November 8, see www.ijrtdocs.com 508275250 -5260. 

Best, F.W. Radiotracer fate studies with C-nicotine in total smoke of REST process materials including transfer efficiencies to MS TPM from products with differing nicotine levels and differing air dilution levels R DM, 1990, No. 201, September 14, see www.rjrtdocs.com 512323835 -3869. 

Best, F.W. Radiotracer studies to determine the fate of levulinic acid in filtered cigarettes, its distribution in total smoke, its intact level in MS TPM, SS TPM, and filters, and its migration within cigarettes upon aging MDR, 1991, No. 3, May 25, see www.rjrtdocs.com 508675911 -5933 510269761 -9783. 

Best, F.W. and T.S. Sink Fate of C-labeled leaf alcohol in total smoke from Winston KS cigarettes R DM, 1988, No. 59, February 11, see www.ijrtdocs.com 507038333-8347. 

Jenkins, R.W. Jr, R.T. Bass, R.H. Newman, and M.K. Chavis Cigarette smoke formation smdies V. The effects of the cigarette periphery on mainstream smoke formation Beitr. Tabakforsch. 9 (1977) 126-130. Jenkins, R.W. Jr, M.K. Chavis, R.T. Bass, and T.S. Osdene Cigarette smoke formation smdies VI. The carbon contribution to total smoke from each individual component in the IRl-type cigarette Beitr. Tabakforsch. 10 (1980) 145-148. 

Figure 3.39. Total smoke produced in presence of two smoke supjpressants. [Data from Li, B. Wang,., J. Fire Sci., 15, 5,341-357,1997.]...

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