Smoking initiation

Galliant and Schubert (2007) 13 16 9 NR 15.1 Glu in hippocampus or ACC did not differ between groups. In current smokers, number of cigarettes per day, pack-years, age of smoking initiation did not correlate with Glu. 

Kendler, K.S., Neale, M.C., Sullivan, P., Corey, L.A., Gardner, C.O., and Prescott, C.A. (1999) A population-based twin study in women of smoking initiation and nicotine dependence. Psychol Med 29 299-308. 

In summary, a complex of biological, psychological, and social/environmental variables affect smoking initiation and its continuation. As we will discuss, the consequences arc substantial. 

Overall, from 1990 to 1999 there was a 12.8% increase in smoking initiation among 12-17-year-olds, but the last five years of that decade saw a decrease in the rate of smoking initiation among teens. 

Dieting and smoking initiation in early adolescent girls and boys A prospective study. America7i Journal of Public Health, 91, 446-450. 

Wiencke JK, Varkonyi A, Thurston SW, et al. Early age at smoking initiation and tobacco carcinogen DNA damage in the lung. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999 91 (7) 614—19. 

Escobedo, L.G. Marcus, S.E. Holtzman, D. and Giovino, G.A. Sports participation, age at smoking initiation, and the risk of smoking among U.S. high school students. JAMA 269 1391-1395, 1993. 

Nicotine, one of the heterocyclic amines that we will study in this chapter (see Figure 16.3), is a highly toxic compound. In fact, it has been used as an insecticide Small doses from cigarette smoking initially stimulate the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system. However, repeated small doses of nicotine obtained by smokers eventually depress the involuntary nervous system. As a result, the smoker needs another cigarette. 

At that same TCRC in 1973, Johnson (1956) presented a paper on the antioxidant activity of tobacco smoke. The investigation was undertaken to determine whether or not smoke initiates or promotes the formation of radical peroxides which would in turn lead to lipid peroxidation. He found that both the vapor phase and particulate phase of smoke behaved as an antioxidant. Eractionation of the total smoke condensate showed antioxidant activity in the neutral and water-insoluble acidic fractions, with virtually no activity in the basic fractions. The mode of antioxidant action of tobacco smoke was discussed in terms of free radical mechanisms involving atom transfer, addition, substitution, and coupling. 

The most widespread abuse of cannabis is by smoking. It occasionally may be abused orally. When smoked, initial metabolism occurs in the lungs, whereas this takes place in the liver when marijuana is taken orally. The identification of 9-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in urine is considered to be the best indication of previous cannabis consumption. Before SPE, alkaline hydrolysis of the sample is necessary to free the metabolite 9-carboxy-THC. Afterward, M,0-bis-trimethylsilyl-trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) and trimethylchlorodilsne (TMCS) are added for derivatization the product is analyzed by GC-MS in El or negative-ion chemical ionization (NICI) mode. ... 

Panels reinforced with different fibres demonstrate distinct smoke profiles on ignition. Smoke initiation for phenolic resins is much slower with glass reinforcement than with graphite or aramid. The rate of generation follows a similar trend with glass being the slowest and aramid the fastest. 

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