Total internal reflection surface-enhanced

Aslan K, Holley P, Geddes CD (2006) Microwave-accelerated metal-enhanced fluorescence (MAMEF) with silver colloids in 96-well plates Application to ultra fast and sensitive immunoassays, high throughput screening and dmg discovery. J Immunol Methods 312 137-147 Matveeva E, Gryczynski Z, Malicka J et al (2004) Metal-enhanced fluorescence immunoassays using total internal reflection and silver-coated surfaces. Anal Biochem 334 303-311 Blue R, Kent N, Polerecky L (2005) Platform for enhanced detection efficiency in luminescent-based sensors. Electron Lett 41 682-684... 

These surface spectroscopies can be augmented by surface infrared, NMR, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), etc. A surface variant of infrared spectroscopy is based on total internal reflection and can be applied for adsorbents which are transparent for the radiation under study. The light beam enters through the sorbent and reflects at the interface. As discussed in sec. 

Matveeva, E., Gryc nski, Z., Malicka, J., Gryc nski, L, and Lakowicz, J. R. (2004). Metal-enhanced fluorescence immunoassays using total internal reflection and silver island-coated surfaces. Anal. Biochem. 334 303-311. 

Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) and Surface Enhanced Fluorescence... 

Ionic liquids at the gas-liquid and solid-liquid interface have been extensively studied by a variety of surface analytical techniques. The most prominent technique for surface orientational analysis proves to be SFG. Other vibrational spectroscopic and surface-sensitive techniques such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and total internal reflection Raman spectroscopy (TIR Raman) have been employed for studying surface processes these techniques, however, have not been applied yet specifically for the study of ionic hquids. 

In this chapter, electrochemical properties of ET proteins at electrode interfaces studied by spectroelectrochem-ical techniques are described. In situ spectroelectrochemical techniques at well-defined electrode surfaces are sufficiently selective and sensitive to distinguish not only steady state structures and oxidation states of adsorbed species but also dynamics of reactants, products, and intermediates at electrode surfaces on a monolayer level. The spectroelectrochemical techniques used in studies of ET proteins include IR reflection-absorption, potential-modulated UV-vis reflectance (electroreflectance), surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and surface plasmon resonance, total internal reflection fluorescence, (TIRE) and absorbance linear dichroism spectroscopies. 

Consider a brightness-enhancing film (BEF) shown in Figure 11.36. Calculate the incident angular region within which the incident fight will be reflected from the bottom surface of the BEF by total internal reflection. 

The second equihbrium group encompasses strucmres for increase in the optical path of the beam which already entered the active area of the detector, the so-called light trapping structures. These structures simultaneously increase radiative lifetime through the mechanism of reabsorption—photon recycling. They include different surface rehef stmctures for the increase in total internal reflection, from diflractive to macroscopic ones. Reflective detector surfaces also belong to this group, both the back-side ones and fuU resonant cavities (RCE—resonant cavity enhancement) with reflective surfaces both of the front and the back side of the detector. The most advanced stmctures for optical path and radiative time increase are radiative shields and photonic crystal enhancement stmcmres, which represent a fuU cavity enhancement and may support the existence of multiple modes. 

This approach has common features with the well-known total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) spectroscopy that is also a surface-sensitive and surface-specific detection method, but lacks, however, the enormous enhancement of the optical fields that can be obtained at resonant excitation of a surface plasmon wave which is responsible for the substantial sensitivity enhancement in bio-affinity studies. 

The surface plasmon related optical enhancements at resonance are in sharp contrast to the maximum value one might find at the critical angle c for a mere total internal reflection geometry displayed in Figure 3(c). Here, the coherent superposition of the incoming and the outgoing light beam results in an enhancement of a factor of 4 only However, this has been utilized in the past for a surface-specific fluorescence technique, i.e., the total internal reflection fluorescence spectroscopy (TIRF) ... 

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