Ultra-fast

In the past chemical cure linings have been employed on a wide scale. These linings, usually based on natural rubber or acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber consist of a standard lining compound with a chemical activator such as dibenzylamine incorporated in the formulation. Prior to the application of the lining to the substrate, the individual sheets of rubber are dipped or brush coated with carbon disulphide or a solution of a xanthogen disulphide in a solvent. The carbon disulphide or xanthogen disulphide permeates the rubber and combines with the dibenzylamine to form an ultra-fast dithiocar-bamate accelerator in situ, and thus the rubber rapidly vulcanises at ambient temperature. 

Rao reported measurement of third-order optical non-linearity in the nanosecond and picosecond domains for phosphorus tetratolyl porphyrins bearing two hydroxyl groups in apical position [89]. Strong nonlinear absorption was found at both 532 nm and 600 nm. The high value of nonlinearity for nanosecond pulses is attributed to higher exited singlet and triplet states. Time resolved studies indicate an ultra-fast temporal evolution of the nonlinearity in this compound. 

S. Zou, A. Kondorskiy, G. Mil nikov, and H. Nakamura, in Progress in Ultra Fast Intense Laser Science, Springer, New York, 2006, vol. II, Sect. 5. 

Non-setting Slow setting Moderate setting Fast setting Fast setting crystalline mass Ultra-fast setting... 

In addition to the surface/interface selectivity, IR-Visible SFG spectroscopy provides a number of attractive features since it is a coherent process (i) Detection efficiency is very high because the angle of emission of SFG light is strictly determined by the momentum conservation of the two incident beams, together with the fact that SFG can be detected by a photomultiplier (PMT) or CCD, which are the most efficient light detectors, because the SFG beam is in the visible region, (ii) The polarization feature that NLO intrinsically provides enables us to obtain information about a conformational and lateral order of adsorbed molecules on a flat surface, which cannot be obtained by traditional vibrational spectroscopy [29-32]. (iii) A pump and SFG probe measurement can be used for an ultra-fast dynamics study with a time-resolution determined by the incident laser pulses [33-37]. (iv) As a photon-in/photon-out method, SFG is applicable to essentially any system as long as one side of the interface is optically transparent. 

Turner S, Evans P, Hawkesworth C (2001) Ultra-fast source-to-surface movement of melt at island arcs from Ra- °Th systematics. Science 292 1363-1366... 

Tinner S, Foden J (2001) U, Th and Ra disequilibria, Sr, Nd and Pb isotope and trace element variations in Sunda arc lavas predominance of a subducted sediment component. Contrib Mineral Petrol 142 43-57 Turner S, Evans P, Hawkesworth C, (2001) Ultra-fast source-to-surface movement of melt at island arcs from Ra- °Th systematics. Science 292 1363-1366... 

Benedek, K. and Guttman, A., Ultra-fast high-performance capillary sodium dodecyly sulfate gel electrophoresis of proteins, /. Chromatogr., 680, 375, 1994. 

The current status of chromatography is shown in Table 10.25. Since reducing separation time is a major issue, there is a pronounced trend toward shorter columns filled with small particles. The current trends for lower flow (micro- and nano-LC) columns, and great strides to achieve (ultra-) fast chromatographic... 

When this resin was exposed as a thin film to the UV radiation of a medium pressure mercury lamp (80 W aiH), the crosslinking polymerization was found to develop extensively within a fraction of a second (18). The kinetics of this ultra-fast reaction can be followed quantitatively by monitoring the decrease of the IR absorption at 810 an-1 of the acrylic double bond (CHCH twisting). Figure 8 shows a typical kinetic curve obtained for a 20 pm thick film coated onto a NaCl disk and exposed in the presence of air to the UV radiation at a fluence rate of 1.5 x 10 6 einstein s-1 cm 2. 

Stoll, D.R., Cohen, J.D., Carr, P.W. (2006). Fast, comprehensive online two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography through the use of high temperature ultra-fast gradient elution reversed-phase hquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 1122 (1-2), 123-137. 

Chattoraj M, King BA, Bublitz GU, Boxer SG (1996) Ultra-fast excited state dynamics in green fluorescent protein multiple states and proton transfer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93 8362-8367... 

Another milder example of this is a standard Non-Synchronous Buck switcher IC. Every single typical applications diagram on the datasheet shows a Schottky diode, without perhaps explicitly stating as much. This is an example of an implied expectation on the part of the vendor—that you, the customer, won t miss the truly obvious. Yet there are many who think they have achieved some slender advantage in substituting an ultra-fast diode in its place. First read the Abs Max section of the EC tables carefully. Most vendors specify that the SW node should never be taken more than 0.4V below IC ground. That is because... 

No specific recommendations can be given about the optimum reaction time. As speeding up reactions is a key motive for employing microwave irradiation, the reaction should be expected to reach completion within a few minutes. On the other hand, a reaction should be run until full conversion of the substrates is achieved. In general, if a microwave reaction under sealed-vessel conditions is not completed within 60 min then it needs further reviewing of the reaction conditions (solvent, catalyst, molar ratios). The reported record for the longest microwave-mediated reaction is 22 h for a copper-catalyzed N-arylation (see Scheme 6.63). The shortest ever published microwave reaction requires a microwave pulse of 6 s to reach completion (ultra-fast carbonylation chemistry see Scheme 6.49). 

Surprisingly, transparency to the laser light was observed in a 0.5 im thick plasma slab (much thicker than the skin depth) obtained by ultra-fast ionization of a plastic foil at a density orders of magnitude higher than nc [4]. The effect was observed at laser intensities corresponding to ao 1. Figure 8.1 shows the measurements of plasma transmittivity in that experiment vs. the intensity on target of a focused Ti Sa laser pulse (30 fs, 800 nm). 

Ultra-Fast Direct Contact Gas Temperature Sensor... 

Most modern HPLC instruments include a column oven that can thermostat the column to at least 100°C. A typical HPLC analysis can be done in half the time by elevating the column temperature from ambient to 50 or 60°C. At temperatures above 100°C, it is not uncommon to decrease analysis time by a factor of 5.26 Also, re-equilibration time for the column is much shorter, so it is possible to achieve ultra-fast gradient analysis with HTLC. 

UHPLC (600 to 1000 bar) Significant runtime reduction for ultra-fast separation minimal solvent consumption Five-fold increase in speed for SIM Significantly higher efficiency for most complex separations Higher mass sensitivity Rapid method development... 

Three general ultra-fast sampling strategies are used Echo planar imaging... 

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