Total Diet Study analysis

Between 1979 and 1989 there was a virtual elimination of the use of lead-soldered food cans, with a concomitant drop in lead levels in food. Average daily intakes of lead for adults, based on an analysis of 27 market basket samples taken nationwide for a 1980-1982 Total Diet Study, were as follows (Gartrell etal. 1986b) ... 

Allegrini, M., Pennington, J. A. T. and Tanner, J. T. 1983. Total diet study Determination of iodine intake by neutron activation analysis. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 83, 18-24. 

The FDA has also performed its Total Diet Study annually since 1961. This study involves a market basket collection of foods from four chosen geographical regions and three cities in each region per year. Each market basket is comprised of 261 different food samples and the foods are prepared for table-ready consumption prior to analysis. Estimates of daily exposures of population subgroups to pesticide residues in the diet are attained by considering the results of the Total Diet Study samples and food consumption estimates obtained from national food consumption surveys (FDA, 2000). 

A third diet sampling procedure is based on analysis of representative food items purchased locally and on food consumption statistics. The intake estimates are then calculated by multiplying the concentration estimate of each food by the respective consumption estimates per day or per year. This approach is used by EML in Sr in the diet program (Klusek, 1984), Argonne s Cs in the Chicago Foods Program (Karttunen, 1982), and the FDA s Total Diet Studies Program (Stroube and Jelinek, 1985). 

Dietary nuclide intakes are estimated by several methods (WHO, 1983), e.g., selective studies of individual foods, market basket studies, model dish studies and duplicate portion studies. The first procedure involves the estimation of mean dietary nuclide intakes by collecting staple foods, which are consumed by the subject, and then chemically analyzing them. In market basket studies, individual or composite foods obtained from food stores in the area are analyzed. Data on the food consumption rates of the average person then take on an especially important role. Model dish studies involve the preparation of typical dishes based on both food and dish consumption data and analysis of each dish. Duplicate portion studies offer the greatest degree of reality compared to the other methods. At a minimum, all meals consumed by an individual during one day are chemically analyzed. After the accident in the Ukraine, data on the dietary intakes of Cs, °Sr and transuranium have come from analyses of staple individual foodstuffs. Total diet studies for Ukrainians are scarce. 

In Europe, one of the first studies was carried out by the UK Food Standards Agency which published results of PFC analysis in food collected from the 2004 Total Diet Study [97]. PFOS exceeded the LOD in potatoes, canned vegetables, eggs, sugars, and preserves, with highest levels detected in potatoes (10 ng/g ww), including fresh potatoes as well as potato chips, french fries, and hash browns, whereas, PFOA was detected only in potatoes (1 ng/g ww). 

From Pennington, J.A. and Young, B.ilron, zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, and iodine in foods from the United States total diet study. J. Food Compos. Analysis 3 166, 1990. 

There is still much ongoing debate on the validity of the different approaches to perform dietary analysis (single food analysis, duplicate diet analysis, total diet, and total mixed diet analysis) to provide an adequate answer to nutritional questions. The approach followed in this study has proven useful for the assessment of the actual dietary intake of trace metals that may be lost and/or added during the preparation of meals. The measurements done on cooked samples prepared according to the Italian local traditions provides an assessment of the actual concentrations of trace elements uptaken by the population through the diet. 

The committee recommends the inclusion of a detailed and accurate exposure analysis for a subset of the biomonitored population in large-scale biomonitoring studies that includes analyses of environmental media in the residence and uses a survey instrument to obtain information on diet, consumer product use, occupational exposures, and other factors relevant to the chemical exposure pathways that are being examined. The exposure assessment can be patterned on protocols used in other exposure analyses, such as the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS), the Minnesota Children s Pesticide Exposure Study, and Children s Total Exposure to Pesticides and Other Persistent Organic Pollutants. 

The caloric levels of these diets varied considerably, partially because of differences In experimental design. In general, zinc Intake Increased as caloric Intake Increased, resulting In a more narrow range for the zinc densities of the diets—4.1 to 8.8 mg per 1,000 calories—than for the total zinc levels. In all of the studies, the research methods Involved chemical analysis of dietary composites. Few estimates of zinc Intake have been calculated from tables of zinc concentrations In food, even though this approach Is less complex and less costly. Calculation of zinc Intake from dietary survey data has been hindered by the limited proportion of the many foods available In the market place that have been analyzed for zinc. 

Interest in the triacylglycerol structure of peanut oil arose from observations that peanut oil showed atherogenic effects in rabbits and other animals (144—147). This atherogenicity has been attributed to the triacylglycerol structure of peanut oil (148-150) because treatment of peanut oil with a base, to bring about randomization, reduced the atherogenicity to that of corn oil (151). However, the results of the Kritchevsky studies (148, 149, 151) have been questioned (40) on the basis that they did not include other vegetable oils for comparison and a lack of data for appropriate statistical analysis. More recent studies (152-155) have shown that peanut oil and peanut product-based diets produce a reduction in total and LDL cholesterol. 

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