Tooth enamel analysi

Evans, J.A., Chenery, C.A. and Fitzpatrick, A.P. (2006). Bronze Age childhood migration of individuals near Stonhenge, revealed by strontium and oxygen isotope tooth enamel analysis. Archaeometry 48 309-321. 

Tykot, R.H., van der Merwe, N.J. and Hammond, N. 1996 Stable isotope analysis of bone collagen, bone apatite, and tooth enamel in the reconstruction of human diet. A case study from Cuello, Belize. In Orna, M.V., ed., Archaeological Chemistry Organic, Inorganic, and Biochemical Analysis. ACS Symposium Series 625, Washington, DC, American Chemical Society 355-365. 

Michel, V., Ildefonse, P. and Morin, G. 1995 Chemical and structural changes in Cervus elephus tooth enamels during fossilization (Lazaret Cave) a combined IR and XRD Rietveld analysis. Applied Geochemistry 10 145-159. 

This equation predicts a value of 26.8%ofor the zebra at Turkana assuming an average value of 6%o for Lake Turkana water. This predicted value is l%o less than the actual value of 27.8%o. Given the variation in methods of sample preparation and analysis, variation between bone and tooth enamel (Stuart-Williams and Schwarcz 1997), and uncertainty in surface water oxygen isotopic composition, these values are extraordinarily close. Alternatively, if the equation is solved for using the actual value of the Turkana zebra. 

Cerling, T. and Sharp, Z. 1996 Stable carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of fossil tooth enamel... 

Jones, A. M., Iacumin, P., and Young, E. D. (1999). High-resolution delta 0-18 analysis of tooth enamel phosphate by isotope ratio monitoring gas chromatography mass spectrometry and ultraviolet laser fluorination. Chemical Geology 153 241-248. 

D.l. Paik, D.S. Ma, D.Y. Park, H.S. Moon, Y.l. Chang, J.B. Kim, Determination of fluorine by PIGE analysis on bovine tooth enamel treated with bamboo salt SMFP toothpaste and fluoride mouth rinsing solution, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 217 (1997) 221-223. 

Fig. 9.13. Quantitative analysis of the contrast from a white spot lesion in human tooth enamel (i) micrograph, 370 MHz (ii) V(z) curves of selected points along the line in the micrograph (iii) Rayleigh velocity and attenuation calculated from V(z) measured at each of the points on the line in (i) (Peck et al. 1989).

Besides the lapse-rate based methodologies, other methods have also been applied to estimate paleoelevation for Florissant. Another approach based on paleobotany has used enthalpy (Forest et al. 1995 Wolfe et al 1998), based on principles of atmospheric energy conservation, and results from this method have produced high elevation estimates (2900-3800 m) comparable to those of the local and regional lapse rate methods. Analysis of stable isotopes from mammalian tooth enamel provides preliminary results that indicate low relief and low elevation (Barton and Fricke 2006). 

Annegarn H J, Jodaikin A, Cleaton-Jones PE, Sellschop JPF, Madiba CCP, Bibby D PIXE analysis of caries related trace elements in tooth enamel. Nucl Instrum Methods 1981 181 323-326. Theuns HM, van Dijk JWE, Jongebloed WL, Groeneveld A The mineral content of human enamel studied by polarizing microscopy, microradiography and scanning electron microscopy. Arch Oral Biol 1983 28 797-803. 

The most commonly used term for a piece of material that is analyzed is sample. The word is used in many ways in archaeology and archaeological chemistry. A sample is a part of a larger quantity selected for analysis, but is not necessarily a fixed quantity. For our research on tooth enamel, we use the first molar from the lower jaw of a human skeleton. In one sense, the tooth itself is a sample (Fig. 1.7). We then take a sample of the enamel or crown portion of a tooth. Initially that means roughly 0.1 g of small flakes and powder from the tooth. After some cleaning and other preparation we weigh out a 5 mg portion for analysis. That 5 mg part is also a sample of the tooth enamel. 

Oxygen isotopes in ancient human skeletal remains are found in both bone and tooth enamel. Samples for the analysis of human skeletal remains are normally taken from dental enamel due to conditions of preservation and resistance to diagenesis. The hydroxyapatite mineral, a primary component of enamel, contains oxygen, in both phosphate groups (POp and carbonates (CO ). Phosphate and carbonate produce comparable results for oxygen isotope ratios, but less sample is needed for carbonate, preparation is less demanding, and results between laboratories are more comparable. 

The analysis proceeds through the sampling of tooth enamel to obtain the isotopic signal of the place of birth. The local isotopic signal can be determined in several ways in human bone from the individuals whose teeth are analyzed, from the bones of humans or archaeological fauna at the site, or from modem fauna in the vicinity. The local geological isotope signals of strontium have been constant over the last several 1,000 years. These isotope ratios have been reported for the rocks. 

The place of origin of prehistoric people can also be determined. The isotopic proveniencing of human remains, using ratios of strontium isotopes, has been employed in archaeology for approximately 20 years. Strontium isotope analyses have been used successfully in a number of studies. The basic principle involves comparison of isotope ratios in human tooth enamel with local levels in bone or other materials. Because isotopic ratios vary geographically, values in human teeth (marking place of birth) that differ from the local ratio (place of death) indicate migration. This method of analysis is described in more detail in Chap. 8, Provenience and Provenance. 

Mass spectrometers usually measure two or more isotopes at one time and calculate their ratio. Standards are measured at the same time in order to confirm the precision of the instrument and allow corrections to be made if needed. The results of the analysis provide the ratio measurements along with several other kinds of information. Table 4.2 shows some typical results from a mass spectrometer, in this case a Ust of calculated strontium isotope ratios on human tooth enamel measured on TIMS. The first column in the table gives the sequential lab number for each individual sample. The site is the place from where the sample comes. The corrected Sr/ Sr is the isotope ratio for strontium in the sample, corrected on the... 

Uryu, T, J. Yoshinaga, Y. Yanagisawa, M. Endo, and J. Takahashi. 2003. Analysis of lead in tooth enamel by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Analytical Sciences 19 1413. 

Paschahs EP, Betts F, DiCarlo E, Mendelsohn R, Boskey AL (1997a) FTIR microspectroscopic analysis of human cortical and trabecular bone. Calcif Tissue Inti 61 480-486 Paschahs EP, Betts F, DiCarlo E, Mendelsohn R, Boskey AL (1997b) FTIR microspectroscopic analysis of human iliac crest biopsies from untreated osteoporotic bone. Calcif Tissue Inti 61 487-492 Paschahs EP, DiCarlo E, Betts F, Sherman P, Mendelsohn R, Boskey AL (1996). FTIR microspectro-scopic analysis of human osteonal bone. Calcif Tissue Inti 59 480-487 Patel PR, Brown WE (1975) Thermodynamic solubility product of human tooth enamel powder powdered sample. J Dent Res 54 728-736... 

Radiation damage over time creates free radicals in materials. In the case of teeth, free radicals in tooth enamel have been measured to date teeth in archaeology studies and to evaluate exposure of people to ionizing radiation after several major nuclear reactor leaks. Radiation dosimetry and analysis of irradiated foods, gamma-irradiated polymers, and other solids such as ceramics, bone, and coal are common applications of ESR. 

In-situ elemental and Sr isotope investigation of human tooth enamel Nd YAG213nm ICP-Q-MS and MC-ICPMS Trace element (obtained using LA-ICP-Q-MS) and Sr isotopic (obtained by means of LA-MC-ICPMS) analysis of human tooth enamel to decipher historical population migrations Simonetti et al. [109]... 

---