Mean roughness

These types of expressions of risk are more familiar to people, but they mean roughly the same thing as those described earlier for the risks of toxicity from chemical exposure - with at least one exceedingly important difference. 

We will occasionally use the term dense gas which is meant to describe a gas of a density high enough for induced spectra to appear. In more practical terms, this means roughly atmospheric densities or higher, but we hasten to add that even at much lower densities certain induced features are often discernible as will be seen below (Chapter 3). One atmosphere is certainly not a threshold below which all induced effects miraculously disappear. 

TRACHYTE. The name of an extrusive, igneous, fine-grained or porphyritic rock, the surface equivalent of syenite. Trachyte is predominant in alkali feldspar and usually contains biodte and augite. Trachyte is an old name, proposed by Brongiart in 1813, and has never been altered or supplanted. It is derived from the Greek, meaning rough. 

Which means roughly that business keeps one safe from love—ominous talk when one s lover is a courtesan. I hoped that it was just another literary conceit I ought to know. (It is, I later learned, an apothegm by Ovid.)... 

The AFM equipments used were conducted with a Nanoscope III device from VEECO (USA). The membrane morphologies were imaged in contact mode in air with a scan rate of 1 Hz and 400 x 400-pixel resolution. The cantilevers used for such imaging were from Veeco, with a specified spring constant between 0.44 and 0.63 Nm-1 and a resonant frequency of 17-20 kHz. The mean roughness (denoted Ra) is the mean value of surface relative to the centre plane. The plane for which the volume enclosed by the image above and below this plane are equal and is calculated as... 

Figure 1.8 Surface quality obtained in oxygen-free copper by micromachining, followed by an electropolishing step. The mean roughness is about 30 nm.

The word "empirical" comes from the Greek word empeirikos, meaning, roughly, "by experiment." Why do you think the simplest formula of a compound is called its empirical formula ... 

Figure 11.18 Correlations between the loss of free-volume fraction (ffv) from PAL vs mean roughness measured by AFM [30].

The mean roughness of two gamma-alumina membranes prepared by the sol-gel process described in Chapter 3 is estimated to be about 30 to 40 nm. In contrast, the mean roughness of a commercial alpha-alumina membrane is about 340 nm. The values for the gamma-alumina membranes are close to that obtained by de Lange et al. [1995] as 40 nm. Interesting, when a gamma-alumina membrane is modified with an amorphous... 

The most commonly used term for a piece of material that is analyzed is sample. The word is used in many ways in archaeology and archaeological chemistry. A sample is a part of a larger quantity selected for analysis, but is not necessarily a fixed quantity. For our research on tooth enamel, we use the first molar from the lower jaw of a human skeleton. In one sense, the tooth itself is a sample (Fig. 1.7). We then take a sample of the enamel or crown portion of a tooth. Initially that means roughly 0.1 g of small flakes and powder from the tooth. After some cleaning and other preparation we weigh out a 5 mg portion for analysis. That 5 mg part is also a sample of the tooth enamel. 

TANGENTIAL. Strictly, coincident with a tangent at the circumference of a tree or log, or parallel to such a tangent. In practice, however, it often means roughly coincident with a growth ring. 

Table 6.1 Root-mean-square roughness (Rrms) the mean roughness (RJ for both swivel cruciforms calculated using Veeco software and using AFM images shown in Figures 6.6a-d and 6.7a-d.

This empirical series arises fiorri experiments done in 1888 by the Austro-German chemist Franz Hofmeister (1850-1922). who was interested in the relative effectiveness of different salts in precipitating proteins from egg while. The alternative name lyotropic series, derives from the Greek meaning roughly pertaining to solvent aflinily"... 

The effect of different pressing forces of DP and RB processes on the mean roughness of low-, medium-, and high-carbon steel is shown in Figures 7.4 and 7.5. The initial average surface roughness values (Rj) were 0.9, 0.6, and 0.56 mm for the three steels, respectively (see Table 7.2). 

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