Tools cultural differences

It is not uncommon for a person with an amputation to have two prostheses, one that emphasizes mechanical function, one for work, and an interchangeable one with a more humanlike appearance for social occasions, i.e., different tools for different jobs. Choice of prosthesis is ultimately based on many psychological, cultural, and practical factors. Other factors affecting the issue are age, gender, occupation, degree of physical activity, the amputee s attitude toward training, the type of amputation involved, and whether it is unilateral or bilateral limb loss. (Beasley and de Bese, 1990 Fillet and Mackin, 1992). 

Solute uptake can also be evaluated in isolated cell suspensions, cell mono-layers, and enterocyte membrane vesicles. In these preparations, uptake is normalized by enzyme activity and/or protein concentration. While the isolation of cells in suspension preparations is an experimentally easy procedure, disruption of cell monolayers causes dedifferentiation and mucosal-to-serosal polarity is lost. While cell monolayers from culture have become a popular drug absorption screening tool, differences in drug metabolism and carrier-mediated absorption [70], export, and paracellular transport may be cell-type- and condition-depen-dent. 

Taken together, the limited experiments conducted using neuronal cell cultures illustrate a distinct difference in the way that pyrethroids modify ion conductance and subsequent neurotransmitter release under resting and depolarized conditions. Continued efforts utilizing recent new tools like automated patch-clamp systems and MEAs to assess the effects of pyrethroids on the kinetics and voltage-dependent gating of ion channels in primary cultures or transfected cells is likely to provide new insight into the neurotoxicity of pyrethroids [79, 82]. 

One experimental tool in this direction is provided by some enveloped animal viruses which mature at the cell surface of infected cells (K Sri inen and Renkonen, 1977 Lenard, 1978). Such viruses include influenza virus, Semliki Forest virus (SFV), Sindbis virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). They are extremely simple in makeup and hence are very well characterized. They can be tagged with biochemical probes in many different ways. They infect many animal cells in culture, and after infection turn the cells into factories for the production of virus progeny. The protein-synthesizing machinery of the host cell is programmed by the viral RNA to make viral proteins exclusively and these include the viral surface glycoproteins. These are synthesized with signal peptides and inserted into the ER membrane (Katz et ai, 1977 Garoff et... 

Incorporating discussions of the social dimensions of science into science courses broadens students understanding of current theory, tools, analytical techniques, and how different disciplines investigate and interpret the natural world. Exposure to science-and-technology studies would give non-scientists the perspective they need to participate in such debates. Instead of indoctrinating more students into the current scientihc culture, scientists should work with social scientists and scholars of education to make science more welcoming to those who were formerly excluded from STEM holds. 

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