EASY procedure

A second reaction which is very often used for the preparation of phthalonitriles, although the yields are usually not reproducible, is the Rosenmund-von Braun reaction (see Houben-Weyl, Vol. E5, p 1460).106 107 Herein, a benzene derivative with a 1,2-dibromidc or 1,2-dich-loride unit is treated with copper(I) cyanide in dimethylformamidc or pyridine. During this reaction the formation of the respective copper phthalocyanine often occurs. This can be used as an easy procedure for the exclusive synthesis of copper phthalocyanines (see Section 2.1.1.7.),1 os-109 but can also lead to problems if the phthalonitrile is required as the product. For example, if l,2-dibromo-4-trifluoromethyl-benzene is subjected to a Rosenmund-von Braun reaction no 4-trifluoromethylphthalonitrile but only copper tetra(tri-fluoromethyljphthalocyanine is isolated.110... 

Checking the absence of external mass transfer limitations is a rather easy procedure. One has simply to vary the total volumetric flowrate while keeping constant the partial pressures of the reactants. In the absence of external mass transfer limitations the rate of consumption of reactants does not change with varying flowrate. As kinetic rate constants increase exponentially with increasing temperature while the dependence of mass transfer coefficient on temperature is weak ( T in the worst case), absence... 

Solute uptake can also be evaluated in isolated cell suspensions, cell mono-layers, and enterocyte membrane vesicles. In these preparations, uptake is normalized by enzyme activity and/or protein concentration. While the isolation of cells in suspension preparations is an experimentally easy procedure, disruption of cell monolayers causes dedifferentiation and mucosal-to-serosal polarity is lost. While cell monolayers from culture have become a popular drug absorption screening tool, differences in drug metabolism and carrier-mediated absorption [70], export, and paracellular transport may be cell-type- and condition-depen-dent. 

Cross-multiplication is a very easy procedure. Follow these examples to practice the procedure. 

The Amb a 1 concentration of the final purified intermediate bulk is determined by an absorbance method chosen for its precision, accuracy, and simplicity. Because Amb a 1 bulk intermediate will now be conjugated to 1018 ISS (and the number of linked 1018 ISS affects the activity of the resulting AIC), it is essential to quantitate the Amb a 1 concentration accurately and precisely. A significant over- or underestimation of protein concentration will result in an over- or underestimation of the heterobifunctional linker required to activate the protein for coupling to 1018 ISS. The absorbance method, more dependent on well-calibrated instrumentation than lab technique, was chosen because it is an easy procedure to transfer to the production site. Dilution skills are the only requirement for robust performance of a well-developed and validated absorbance method. Hence a contract manufacturing site could readily quantitate Amb a 1 without the... 

Since the 2-nitrobenzenesulfonamide group is stable under acidic [HCI (10 eq), MeOH, 60°C, 4 hr] as well as basic [NaOH (10 eq), MeOH, 60°C, 4 hr] conditions, it can be used extensively for protection of primary and secondary amines. Because of the mild conditions and easy procedure, the submitters believe that the use of 2-nitrobenzenesulfonamides serves as a method of choice for the preparation of a wide variety of secondary amines comparable to the Gabriel synthesis for primary amines. 

The first reported technique for the preparation of monolithic MIPs used an in situ polymerisation protocol, which is a simple and easy procedure to perform. 

The success of these measurements (which extends to the determination of a by isotopic variation of the solvent) for a general acid-catalysed reaction is of some practical interest, because the detection of general acid catalysis by studies with buffer solutions is not an easy procedure for methanol solvent. The use of MeOH-MeOD thus becomes of direct usefulness in the diagnosis of reaction mechanism. 

Since CSF is in direct contact with the environment of the central nervous system (C NS), it is obvious that any changes in biochemical composition of brain parenchyma should be predominantly reflected in the CSF. A recent review by Reiber (2001) presents a complete concept of distinguishing diffusion of brain-derived proteins into CSF from diffusion of proteins from blood into CSF, allowing proteins that originate in the brain to be prioritized. Lumbar pimcture is an easy procedure, with a low incidence of complications. In a large study (Andreasen et al, 2001), only 4.1% of all patients experienced postlumbar headache, and an even smaller proportion of 2% was reported by Blennow et al. (1993). Thus, it is reasonable to postulate that lumbar puncture (LP) is a feasible and only moderately invasive procedure, and that CSF analysis could possibly improve current clinical and neuroimaging-based approaches to diagnosis. 

Ramesh C, Mahender G, Ravindranath N, Das B (2003) A Mild, Highly Selective and Remarkably Easy Procedure for Deprotection of Aromatic Acetates Using Ammonium Acetate as a Neutral Catalyst in Aqueous Medium. Tetrahedron 59 1049... 

In conclusion, the use of lipases for selective acylations and deacylations of carbohydrates has been shown to be an effective tool, and they deserve a place in the laboratory along with the classical chemical reagents. Lipases offer a simple and easy procedure that may provide regio- and stereoselectivities difficult to obtain under classical conditions. 

The determination of alterations in genetic structure, that is, the frequency of certain marker alleles, has become increasingly popular. The technology of gel electrophoresis has made this an easy procedure. Population geneticists have long used this method to observe alterations in gene frequencies in populations... 

The advantages of RIA analog methods include a small sample requirement, relatively rapid results, an easy procedure, and the option to measure free testosterone without having to measure total testosterone. Thus the RIA... 

On the other hand, substituted and unsubstituted BICs were synthesized using two relatively efficient and easy procedures (Scheme 14). In the first... 

A polymer chain conformation is well known to depend on the environment, such as solvent or temperature. In good solvents, polymers have an extended conformation, while they shrink in poor solvents at low jmperature. Polyelectrolytes change their conformation with changes in pH and salt concentration ( 1). Our interest is to control the polymer chain conformation by "photochemistry" rather than by changing the environment(2,3). It is obviously a tedious method to change the environment to control the chain conformation. The photochemical method is much superior in the response time, reversibility and easy procedure. 

An easy procedure to obtain 3-TMS-pyrazoles is the selective desilylation of 3,4-bis(TMS)-pyrazole (271), e.g., by means of bromine at 0 °C the corresponding 4-bromo-3-TMS-pyrazole (272) can be isolated substitution of the remaining TMS moiety by means of bromine only takes place at 80°C151. An alternative approach is protolytic desilylation of 271, which in the first step selectively forms 266 and only at 100 °C leads to the cleavage of the remaining TMS grouping152 in addition, the application of nitrating acid leads to replacement of the silyl moiety at the 4-position, exclusively, which is most prone... 

The functioning of the instrument, as described in detail also in the book chapter mentioned above [176], is different from most of the other instruments. Due to the large internal gas volume (about 35 cm ) an easy procedure for determining the effective adsorption time in the moment of maximum pressure was derived (see below). The surface tension y can be calculated from the measured maximum capillary pressure P and the known capillary radius r jp using the Laplace equation in the simplified form for spherical drop/bubble shapes... 

Alkylation of malonate anion Hernandez et al. [155, 156] have developed a rapid and easy procedure for the synthesis of C-labeled esters using a combination of solvent-free phase-transfer catalysis conditions and microwave technology. A detailed study of the first step, which consists in malonic alkylation, did not reveal any advantages of microwave activation compared with conventional heating (Eq. 71) ... 

On the whole the selectivity enhancements by template effects for metal ions until now are not great enough for practical application. In contrast, the improved absorption properties, the capacity and the kinetic improvement may be practical even now, especially, since these resins can be prepared by relatively easy procedures. 

The lead—acid battery was bom some 10 years before the invention of the mechanical generators of electricity. Being a secondary power source, the lead—acid battery needed a cheap and easy-to-use charging device. At that time, the battery was charged by Daniell cells or Bunsen cells, which was not an easy procedure at all. 

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