Titanium lithium battery

Whittingham in the seventies developed a battery that operated at room temperature based on the intercalation of Li in TiS2. In the lithium/titanium disulfide battery, one electrode is lithium metal and the other is titanium disulfide bonded to a polymer such as teflon. The electrolyte is a lithium salt dissolved in an organic solvent. Typically, the... 

A number of nearly two-dimensional intercalates of formula [MY2(L)X] (Y = S, Se L = N donors x = 0.5 for L = py, Et2NH, Et3N, piperdine, etc.) with promising superconducting properties have been described.573 Niobium disulfide is an intercalation electrode in lithium batteries, whose effectiveness is close to that of titanium disulfide.574... 

Titanium disulfide, like the disulfides of Zr, Hf, V, Nb, and Ta, has a layer structure two adjacent close-packed layers of S atoms have Ti atoms in octahedral interstices. These sandwiches are then stacked so that there are adjacent layers of S atoms. Lewis bases such as aliphatic amines can be intercalated between these adjacent sulfur layers similar intercalation compounds can be made with M and MSe2 compounds for M = Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, and Ta. Many of these have potentially useful electrical properties, including use as cathode material for lithium batteries, and superconductivity, and may be compared with the intercalation compounds of... 

Titanium disulfide, T1S2, is a desirable cathode material for lithium batteries [102]. It is also used as a catalyst in hydrodesulfurization processes [103] and as a lubricating component in titanium alloys [104a]. Chemical vapor deposition has been employed widely for the preparation of TiS2 thin films [104b]. 

Lindsay, M. J., Skyllas-Kazacos, M., and Luca, V. (2009). Anodically synthesized titania films for lithium batteries Effect of titanium substrate and surface treatment. Electrochim. Acta, 54, pp. 3501-3509. 

Nacimiento, R, Gonzalez, J. R, Alcantara, R, Ortiz, G. R, and Tirado, J. L. (2013]. Improving the electrochemical properties of self-organized titanium dioxide nanotubes in lithium batteries by surface polyacrylonitrile electropolymerization, J. Electrochem. Soc., 160, PP.A3026-A3035. 

Titanium disulphide, TiS2, is the most commonly used Li intercalation compound in liquid electrolyte lithium batteries [11]. This compound has a layered structure formed by S—Ti-S stacks covalently bound together by weak van der Waals forces. Each stack is formed by a layer of titanium atoms between two layers of sulphur atoms in a hexagonally close packed arrangement [10]. Lithium ions can be readily intercalated between the stacks and, if the intercalation level x is maintained below unity, the process induces only a reversible expansion along the c axis [24]. The electrochemical reaction of the Li/TiS2 couple... 

The second type of a glassy battery operating at ambient temperatme is the lithium battery, involving a lithium metal anode and a titanium disulfide (TiS2) cathode, with a vitreous solid state electrolyte. Such batteries have been developed first by SAFT in France, and then by Union Carbide in the U.S. They are conunercialized by the two companies. 

A secondary 2.5 V lithium-titanium disulphide battery developed in the mid-eighties by Evcready, employing a LiI-LigP40o 25Sii3.75 vitreous inorganic electrolyte has reached the semi-commercial stage. 

The titanium sulfide is able to act as a lithium reservoir. On iatercalation with lithium, the titanium lattice expands from ca 570 to 620 pm as the iatercalation proceeds to completion on formation of TiI iS2. Small button cells have been developed, incorporating lithium perchlorate ia propyleae carboaate electrolyte, for use ia watches and pocket calculators (see Batteries). 

These batteries are new systems which use a lithium-manganese composite oxide for the active material of the positive electrode a lithium-titanium oxide with a spinel... 

Battery applications Titanium containing y-Mn02 (TM) hollow spheres synthesis and catalytic activities in Li-air batteries [123] Orthorhombic LiMn02 nanorods for lithium ion battery application [124] Electrochemical characterization of MnOOH-carbon nanocomposite cathodes for metal—air batteries [125] Electrocatalytic activity of nanosized manganite [126]... 

Appreciable ionic conductivity is found in open framework or layered materials containing mobile cations (see Ionic Conductors). Several phosphates have been found to be good ionic conductors and are described above NASICON (Section 5.2.1), a-zirconium phosphates (Section 5.3.1), HUP (Section 5.3.3), and phosphate glasses (Section 5.4). Current interest in lithium ion-conducting electrolytes for battery apphcations has led to many lithium-containing phosphate glasses and crystalline solids such as NASICON type titanium phosphate being studied. ... 

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