Superconducting properties

It is used in arc-welding rods for stabilized grades of stainless steel. Thousands of pounds of niobium have been used in advanced air frame systems such as were used in the Gemini space program. The element has superconductive properties superconductive magnets have been... 

The metal has unusual superconductive properties. As little as 1 percent gadolinium improves the workability and resistance of iron, chromium, and related alloys to high temperatures and oxidation. 

Ba 4d spectrum also changes by increasing in intensity and conforming mostly to that expected of a barium silicate. As a result of the latter changes the superconducting properties of the film were destroyed. The Y 3d and Cu 2p spectra establish that yttrium and copper oxides are also formed. 

Because they exhibit interplay of magnetic and superconducting properties, the formation and crystal chemistry of MRgMy4B4 compounds have been examined. Ternary rare-earth and actinide (Th, U, Pu)-transition metal borides of the approxi-... 

The key to the superconducting properties of these ceramics seems to be the presence of planes of copper and oxygen atoms bonded to one another. The significance of the other atoms in the lattice seems to be to provide a stmctural framework for the copper and oxygen atoms. Thus, in the superconducting compound YBa2Cu30, the substitution of other rare earths for yttrium resrrlts in little change in the properties of the material. 

One of the most exciting properties of some materials is superconductivity. Some complex metal oxides have the ability to conduct electricity free of any resistance, and thus free of power loss. Many materials are superconducting at very low temperatures (close to absolute zero), but recent work has moved the so-called transition temperature (where superconducting properties appear) to higher and higher values. There are still no superconductors that can operate at room temperature, but this goal is actively pursued. As more current is passed through... 

The superconducting properties of (3 -(Et2Me2As)[Pd(dmit)2]2 have been cited in a note added in proof in ref. 200 and will be reported briefly (ref. 225). (3 -(EtMe3As)[Pd(dmit)2]2 and (3 - (Et4P)[Pd(dmit)2]2 have also been reported as superconductors (refs. 225,226). 

At this time, the fastest growing area in the field of nanophysics is in the studies of buckyballs and nanotubes. After the discovery [33] of the Qo molecule, many properties of the molecule and solids formed from the molecule were explored. The doped C6o crystals showed interesting behavior, including superconductivity. [34] The standard model, including the GW quasiparticle theory, was used [35] successfully to explore the energy band structure, and the superconducting properties appear to be consistent with the BCS theory. [36]... 

Interestingly, if the C50 fullerene doped by alkali metals is rapidly cooled down to the liquid nitrogen temperature, polymerization does not occur. Only monomeric anion-radical salts are obtained. Warming up these monomers to 80-160 K results in dimerization polymerization does not take place. The dimer (KCgo)2 is dielectric (Pekker et al. 1995). It has been shown that the tris(anion)-radical Cgo can polymerize too. Particularly, Na2CsCgo forms a polymer that maintains superconducting properties (Mizuki et al. 1994). 

This past decade has seen numerous controversial studies regarding electrical conduction of DNA. Some reported high conductivity [115, 116, 118] with Crt of at most lO" S cm [115] or even superconducting properties [119], while others claimed that the carefully deionized DNA molecules are insulating [117, 120] in agreement with the old reports [121, 122] with ctri- less than 10 S cm. The controversy seems to have settled on a wide consensus that, apart from ionic conduction by the sodium gegenions, double-stranded DNA is an electrical insulator. 

CT solids of fullerene Cgo with a number of different inorganic cations have shown metallic or superconducting properties (for superconductivity, see Sect. 5.2.3). Among the fullerene metals, the best known families are MCso anion radical salts... 

Since this chapter is aimed at presenting much of the information leading to the discovery of the new high Tc oxide superconductors, we shall present here an overview of the oxide systems which have been studied for superconducting properties prior to 1985. In the next section of this chapter, we will give a more detailed and descriptive narration of the work performed on oxide systems, presented in terms of the crystal classes which have yielded the most important oxide superconductors. 

Alkaline-earth substitution in LajCuC was also investigated (121)(128)(131) during the early 1970 s in the U.S.S.R., India, and Japan, but unfortunately, these materials were never investigated at sufficiently low temperatures for detection of their superconducting properties. This oversight resulted in a 16 year delay in the discovery of high temperature superconductivity in copper-oxide compounds. 

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