Glass, phosphate

Borosilicate glasses, phosphate glasses, glass ceramics, and enamels are reinforced with BN powder for enhancing the strength of the composites [131, 132]. 

Neodymium laser A CW or pulsed laser emitting radiation from excited Nd principally occurring around 1.06 pm (the precise position depends on the matrix). The Nd is present as a dopant in suitable crystals (e.g., yttrium-aluminum garnet, YAG) or in suitable glasses (phosphate, sihcate, etc.). 

Concentration of acceptor Er43 wi %) Borate Glass Phosphate Glass ... 

Special adhesives are required for high temperature use. Silicone rubber is an excellent flexible adhesive with a temperature limit of 250 °C. For higher operating temperatures, one must resort to inorganic adhesives and cements. These are usually based on silicates (water glass), phosphates (phosphoric acid), and Portland cement. 

It is a simple process to form a phosphate glass. Phosphates are called glass formers. Phosphate melts are complex mixtures of reorganizing molecules. Glasses can be formed from many of these melts when they are chilled quickly. The amorphous solids are mixtures of molecules that happened to exist as they were frozen in time. No two mixtures of phosphate glasses are ever exactly the same, but their average properties are very similar. 

Phosphorus compounds are very important as fertilizers (world use 1976/77 27-3 megatonnes as P2O5) but are widely used in matches, pesticides, special glasses and china ware, alloys (sleels. phosphor bronze), and metal treating (10%), detergents (40%), electrical components (e.g. GaP), foods and drinks (15%). Phosphates are an essential constituent of living organisms. U.S. production of phosphorus 1982 372 000 tonnes. 

The steel container partially Tilled with phosphate glass... 

In recent years, concentrated phosphoric acids, which may contain as much as 70% to 75% P2O5 content, have become of great importance to agriculture and farm production. World-wide demand for fertilizers has caused record phosphate production. Phosphates are used in the production of special glasses, such as those used for sodium lamps. 

Adsorption of t-PA to process equipment surfaces consisting of either stainless steel or glass was minimized by adding the detergent polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) to the semm-free culture conditioned media at 0.01% (vol/vol). The equipment was also rinsed, before use, with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 0.01% Tween 80. Hydrophilic, plastic equipment was used whenever possible. AH buffers were sterile filtered. Sterile filtration of Hquids and gases is usually carried out using 0.2 or 0.45 p.m filters. 

AH commercial as well as most experimental glass-ceramics are based on siUcate bulk glass compositions. Glass-ceramics can be further classified by the composition of thek primary crystalline phases, which may consist of siUcates, oxides, phosphates, or borates. 

Phospha.tes. Many phosphates cl aim unique material advantages over siUcates that make them worth the higher material costs for certain apphcations. Glass-ceramics containing the calcium orthophosphate apatite, for example, have demonstrated good biocompatibiUty and, in some cases even bioactivity (the abiUty to bond with bone) (25). Recent combinations of fluorapatite with phlogopite mica provide bioactivity as well as machinability and show promise as surgical implants (26). 

Size reduction (qv) or comminution is the first and very important step in the processing of most minerals (2,6,10,20—24). It also involves large expenditures for heavy equipment, energy, operation, and maintenance. Size reduction is necessary because the value minerals are intimately associated with gangue and need to be Hberated, and/or because most minerals processing/separation methods require the ore mass to be of certain size and/or shape. Size reduction is also required in the case of quarry products to produce material of controlled particle size (see Size measurement of particles). In some instances, hberation of valuables or impurities from the ore matrix is achieved without any apparent size reduction. Scmbbers and attritors used in the industrial minerals plants, eg, phosphate, mtile, glass sands, or clay, ate examples. 

Zinc phosphate, Zn2(P0 2> forms the basis of a group of dental cements. Chromium and zinc phosphates are utilized in some metal-treating appHcations to provide corrosion protection and improved paint adhesion. Cobalt(II) phosphate octahydrate [10294-50-5] Co2(P0 2 8H20, is a lavender-colored substance used as a pigment in certain paints and ceramics. Copper phosphates exhibit bioactivity and are used as insecticides and fungicides. Zinc, lead, and silver phosphates are utilized in the production of specialty glasses. The phosphate salts of heavy metals such as Pb, Cr, and Cu, are extremely water insoluble. 

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