Lithium/titanium disulfide batteries

Whittingham in the seventies developed a battery that operated at room temperature based on the intercalation of Li in TiS2. In the lithium/titanium disulfide battery, one electrode is lithium metal and the other is titanium disulfide bonded to a polymer such as teflon. The electrolyte is a lithium salt dissolved in an organic solvent. Typically, the... 

A number of nearly two-dimensional intercalates of formula [MY2(L)X] (Y = S, Se L = N donors x = 0.5 for L = py, Et2NH, Et3N, piperdine, etc.) with promising superconducting properties have been described.573 Niobium disulfide is an intercalation electrode in lithium batteries, whose effectiveness is close to that of titanium disulfide.574... 

Titanium disulfide, like the disulfides of Zr, Hf, V, Nb, and Ta, has a layer structure two adjacent close-packed layers of S atoms have Ti atoms in octahedral interstices. These sandwiches are then stacked so that there are adjacent layers of S atoms. Lewis bases such as aliphatic amines can be intercalated between these adjacent sulfur layers similar intercalation compounds can be made with M and MSe2 compounds for M = Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, and Ta. Many of these have potentially useful electrical properties, including use as cathode material for lithium batteries, and superconductivity, and may be compared with the intercalation compounds of... 

Titanium disulfide, T1S2, is a desirable cathode material for lithium batteries [102]. It is also used as a catalyst in hydrodesulfurization processes [103] and as a lubricating component in titanium alloys [104a]. Chemical vapor deposition has been employed widely for the preparation of TiS2 thin films [104b]. 

The second type of a glassy battery operating at ambient temperatme is the lithium battery, involving a lithium metal anode and a titanium disulfide (TiS2) cathode, with a vitreous solid state electrolyte. Such batteries have been developed first by SAFT in France, and then by Union Carbide in the U.S. They are conunercialized by the two companies. 

While the development of primary cells with a lithium anode has been crowned by relatively fast success and such cells have filled their secure rank as power sources for portable devices for public and special purposes, the history of development of lithium rechargeable batteries was full of drama. Generally, the chemistry of secondary batteries in aprotic electrolytes is very close to the chemistry of primary ones. The same processes occur under discharge in both types of batteries anodic dissolution of lithium on the negative electrode and cathodic lithium insertion into the crystalline lattice of the positive electrode material. Electrode processes must occur in the reverse direction under charge of the secondary battery with a negative electrode of metallic lithium. Already at the end of the 1970s, positive electrode materials were found, on which cathodic insertion and anodic extraction of lithium occur practically reversibly. Examples of such compounds are titanium and molybdenum disulfides. 

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