Tissue Variations

Although the general features of most smooth muscle tissue spectra are consistent, there are differences in the spectra from different tissues that reflect the different chemical content of the tissues. The PCr peak is usually smaller than the ATP peaks in vascular smooth muscle (Adams and Dillon, 1989 Clark and Dillon, 1989 Fisher and Dillon, 1988 Hardin et al., 1992a) but greater than the ATP peak in visceral smooth muscle tissues (Kushmerick et al., 1986 Hell-strand and Vogel, 1985 Dawson and Wray, 1985 Fisher and Dillon, 1987a, 1989 Vermue and Nicolay, 1983 Nakayama and Tomita, 1990, 1991 Nakayama et al., 

There are some reports of lower PCr peaks in uterine tissues (Wray, 1990 Harrison et al., 1994). There is generally good agreement between NMR peak areas and chemical aneilyses of tissues, although some differences in PCr and P have been reported (Dawson and Wray, 1985). Because PCr concentrations will be susceptible to changes in the metabolic state of the tissue, conclusions drawn on the health of a preparation based on the size of the PCr peak must take into account the normal variations that occur in tissues. 

Dawson and Wray (1985) reported metabolite differences in pregnant and nonpregnant uteri. They reported increases in PCr, Pj, and a large phosphate monoester peak during pregnancy, but no change in 

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Inhalation exposure of female rats before mating and during pregnancy at 2100 ppm caused an increased incidence of skeletal and soft tissue variation in the offspring, indicative of developmental delay no persistent detrimental effects were found in the offspring at 12 months of age. " ... 

D, which Is structurally similar to MCPA, appeared to be Inco-porated into lignin (255). This was in sharp contrast to MCPA metabolism in wheat. Carboxln (aniline-l4C) metabolism in peanut cell suspension culture and the fruit of whole peanut plants is an example of tissue variation. In peanut cell suspension culture, only 2.7% of the carboxln was incorporated Into bound residue, but In the fruit of whole plants, 21% Incorporation into bound residue was observed (121). The metabolism of metrlbuzln In tomato and soybean Is an excellent example of species variation. In tomato, metrlbuzln was rapidly metabolized to N-glucosldes and only 2% was Incorporated into bound residue, but In soybean, metrlbuzln was metabolized slowly by homoglutathione conjugation and 20-30% of the metrlbuzln was incorporated into bound residue (46.95). 

To facilitate the discussion on the effects of catecholamines (below). Table 32-3 includes a list of the physiological ligand (i. e., neural NE or plasma E) for the adrenergic receptor subtype in some of the tissues, based on their efferent sympathetic nerve supply. The different tissue distribution of adrenergic receptor subtypes indicates the genetic influence on the kinds of receptors however, the density of the receptor subtypes also exhibits tissue variation. For example, although white adipose tissue contains both /I, and receptors, the latter is in greater quantity in visceral adipose tissue. 

Basic Structures of Some Polysaccharides from Animal and Seaweed Tissues Variations on a General Structure [A — (1 — 3) — B — (1 — 4) —] ... 

From the blood plasma absorbed lead is distributed to the soft tissues, teeth, and the skeleton. The distribution of lead in soft tissues is subject to both between-tissue and within-tissue variation [6]. Indicative values of lead in liver, kidney, and brain are 0.29-0.77, 0.17-0,47, and 0.02-0.07 i.mol/g ash, respectively [6]. Lead is accumulated in the nervous system, where the lead... 

In conclusion, the macromolecular properties of polymers and their interactions with cell surfaces result in a specific pharmacokinetic behaviour of polymers. The routes of parenteral administration are far from being equivalent, e.g. the intraperi-toneal application often used cannot substitute the intravenous administration. Molecular parameters of the polymer circulating in the coitral compartment are changed in time not necessarily by a direct biological modification of the polymer but as a consequence of a selective processing of different fractions. The intracellular accumulation in secondary lysosomes is the only proven mode of persistence of a soluble polymer in tissues. Variations in the chemical structure of the polymer may result in a different pattern of polymer distribution in the body as a consequence of a different rate of cellular accumulation. 

Tse, J.R., Engler, A.J., 2011. Stiffness gradients mimicking in vivo tissue variation regulate mesenchymal stem cell fate. PLoS One 6, el5978. 

Among the mammals, the relative efficiencies of NAD" and oxygen as electron acceptors for xanthine oxidase varied not only from species to species but also from tissue to tissue, A possible explanation of this tissue variation was suggested by the observation that aging rat liver homogenates resulted in an increase in the activity with oxygen and a decrease in the activity with NAD ... 

From the practical point of view, the principal variation of environment which is definitely under the control of the cultivator, is, of course, the alteration in the composition of the soil, which is brought about by scientific manuring, llie analysis of fruits and vegetables will give the ordinary agriculturist much information as to the necessary mineral ingredients to be added to the soil but in the case of essential oils, the conditions are entirely different. The various parts of the plant tissue are affected in different ways by the same mineral salts, and successful development of the fruit or any other given part of the plant may have little or no relationship with the quantity or quality of essential oil produced. So that it is only by actual distillations of the plant, or portion of the plant, coupled with an exhaustive examination of the essential oil, that informative results can be obtained. 

Where the pipeline is expected to have to withstand unusual dimensional variation due, perhaps, to temperature changes or near yield point pressure testing, the use of a woven glass or nylon reinforcement in place of the glass tissue is said to increase the flexibility of the coating system considerably. 

To be effective, this method must be carried out on samples which have been blanched, and upon peas from which the skins have been removed. The heat applied in blanching drives off gases entrapped in the tissues, and removal of the skins is required to remove air that may be entrapped under them, although it materially slows up the operation and makes it very tedious. In order that there may be consistency in grading, the test must be conducted under closely standardized conditions of temperature and solution concentration. This becomes of considerable importance in borderline cases, and failure to take it into consideration no doubt accounts for some of the inconsistency in results experienced by the industry. The test is not a true measure of tenderness, in that it accounts for variation in skin texture only in so far as maturity affects skin texture. Skin texture is affected by factors other than maturity (4). Other methods for the estimation of maturity based upon density or specific gravity have been suggested by Jodidi (16) and by Lee (22). 

Fluoroplastic FPs have superior heat and chemical resistance, excellent electrical properties, but only moderate strength. Variations include PTFE, FEP, PFA, CTFE, ECTFE, ETFE, and PVDF. Used for bearings, valves, pumps handling concentrated corrosive chemicals, skillet linings, and as a film over textile webs for inflatables such as pneumatic sheds. Excellent human-tissue compatibility allows its use for medical implants. 

Some authors use the term mutation as a synonym for genetic polymorphism. However, it is recommended to reserve the term mutation for genetic variations acquired within the life span of an organism such as those mutations acquired in tumor tissues during multi-step carcinogenesis. 

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