Timber works

Gebalk, n., GebiUke, /. timber work, gebai, pret. (of gebaien ) bore. 

Table 7.8. Timber works Coastal construction hazards and potential...

Materials often get used in different ways on a building site. A prefabricated steel or timber frame may have been used successfully with the applied load in the direction and strength required by the original design at a later date when the initial function of the frame has been achieved the same assembly or part thereof is used for another duty and is loaded in a slightly different way. Joints which arc satisfactory in timber work for, say, vertical loads may come adrift when vertical and horizontal loads are combined. 

Ausdehnungs-arbeit,/. work done in expanding, -koeflizient, m. expansion coefficient, -messer, m. dilatometer extensometer. -vermOgen, n. expansibility extensibility dilatability. -zahl, /. expansion coefficient, ausdenken, v.t. think out. devise, conceive, ausdeuten, v.t. interpret, explain, ausdorren, v.t. dry up, desiccate season (timber). 

Nutzen, m. use, utility, advantage, profit. Nutz-gas, n. (Aero.) impellent, -gras, n. grass for feed, -holz, n. commercial timber, lumber, -kapazitat, /. useful capacity, -last, /. useful load, pay load, -leistung,/. useful work, useful effect, effective output. nlltzUch, a. useful, serviceabla profitable, advantageous, expedient. 

Impermeable timbers have a good resistance to polluted atmospheres where acid fumes rapidly attack steel. Wood has given excellent service in the buildings of chemical works and railway stations. Permeable wood species and sapwood can suffer defibration problems caused by the sulphur dioxide of industrial atmospheres. Tile battens are particularly vulnerable. The heartwood of Douglas fir, pitch pine, larch, Scots pine/European redwood and many tropical hardwoods give good service in these conditions. 

Developments in glued laminated structures and panel products such as plywood and chipboard raises the question of the durability of adhesives as well as wood. Urea-formaldehyde adhesives are most commonly used for indoor components. For exterior use, resorcinol adhesives are used for assembly work, whilst phenolic, tannin and melamine/urea adhesives are used for manufactured wood products. Urea and casein adhesives can give good outdoor service if protected with well-maintained surface finishes. Assembly failures of adhesives caused by exudates from some timber species can be avoided by freshly sanding the surfaces before glue application. 

The interior surface finish, to comply with EEC and other health standards, must be rustproof, cleanable, and free from any crevices which can hold dirt. Bare timber in any form is not permitted. Most liners are now aluminium or galvanized steel sheet, finished white with a synthetic enamel or plastic coating. GRP liners are also in use. Floors are of hard concrete or tiles. Very heavy working floors may have metal grids let into the concrete surface. Floor concrete is coved up at the base of the walls to form a protective curb. 

This incendiary is very good for use against all kinds of wooden structures, including heavy beams and timbers. It also works well on paper, rags, straw, excelsior, and other tinder type materials. It will start fires in open containers of flammable liquids, piles of coal, coke, or lumber, and on baled rags and paper. It is not effective against metal. 

Old growth timber is the most valuable kind of timber for logging, and the ban shut down logging in the Northwest, put thousands of loggers out of work, and killed towns that depended on the logging industry. It added nearly 5,000 to the price of an average new home. 

The greatest care in. manipulation, and the most scientific methods in the treatment of wine, have been tried in France, and the result has been the production of the finest winos in the world. The removal of the wine from the vat to the cask is there as carefully regarded as the work of fermentation. The casks are all made ready at the same time as the vats. If the wood of which they are made is new, they will not fail to communicate an astringeuey and bitterness to the wine. To prevent this, the casks are repeatedly washed with cold water, and then with hot, in which peach leaves and salt are infused. They are repeatedly shaken while the fiald is hot, and then are left so that the wood may absorb them, and they may penetrate into the pores of the timber. The casks are now emptied, and boiling hot must, to the extent of two or three quarts, is introduced. The bungs are put in, the casks shaken, and then left to cool. Some use only hot wine in place of the above substances. If the casks ore old, they scrape off the tartar that lines the staves, and wash them vrtth hot water and must, or wine. If they have contracted an ill smell, or show the least mark of decay, they are burned at once, because, in... 

Another area of necessary research is development of treatments that will increase resistance of wood to fire penetration. The work done by Schaffer (31,33) and others in this field should be carried further. The slow rate of fire penetration in thick wood members is one of the basic assets of wood and has been accepted and utilized for many years in heavy timber construction. But thin wood members and paneling have a considerably higher fire penetration rate than thick wood members under severe fire conditions. A fire-retardant system that will give slower fire penetration means more available safety time for fire fighting personnel and for evacuation of occupants from a burning building. 

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