Horizontal loading

In some cases, the parts to be coated (such as semiconductor silicon wafers) are stacked vertically. This minimizes particle contamination and considerably increases the loading capacity (as opposed to horizontal loading). 

Applications for structural steel in blast resistant design include beams and columns for the support of vertical loads, braced and rigid frames for the support of vertical and horizontal loads, and specialized elements such as doors, window frames, decking, and protection for duct openings. For lower blast loads, steel siding can be used. 

Sidesway - The lateral movement of a structure due to vertical or horizontal loads. 

Cast-in-place concrete construction (Figures 4.3 and 4.4) is used to resist relatively high blast overpressures where precast concrete is not economical or practical. Horizontal loads are resisted by shear walls. The structure depends on a structural steel or concrete frame to support vertical loads. Thickness of the concrete... 

Figure 6. A membrane mechanical testing system consists of a MTS horizontal load frame, a home-built environment chamber with temperature and RH control, and a high-precision video-extensometer.

Powders can withstand stress without flowing, in contrast to most liquids. The strength or yield stress of this powder is a function of previous compaction, and is not unique, but depends on stress ap ication. Powders fail only under applied shear stress, and not isotropic load, although they do compress. For a given apphed horizontal load, failure can occur by either raising or lowering die normal stress, and two possible values of failure shear stress are obtained (active versus passive failure). 

Most booms are also fitted with one or more tension members that run along the bottom of the boom and reinforce it against the horizontal load imposed by waves and currents. Tension members are usually made of steel cables or chains but sometimes consist of nylon or polyester ropes. The boom fabric itself is not strong enough to withstand the powerful forces to which booms are subjected, except in protected waters. For example, the force on a 100-m-long section of boom could be as much as 10,000 kg, depending on sea conditions and the construction of the boom. 

Fig. 3 Carrier irradiator with vertical ajid horizontal load/unload positions.

Leg supports may be braced or unbraced. Braced legs are those which are reinforced with either cross-bracing or swaybracing. Sway braces are the diagonal members which transfer the horizontal loads, but unlike cross braces, they operate in tension only. The diagonal members in a sway-braced system are called tie rods, which transfer the load to each adjacent panel. Turnbucldes may be used for adjustments of the tie rods. 

The saddle itself has various parts the web, base plate, ribs, and wear plate. The web can be on the center line of the saddle or offset. The design may have outer rihs only or inner ribs only, but usually it has both. For designs in seismic areas, the ribs perform the function of absorbing the longitudinal, horizontal loads. The saddle itself is normally bolted to a foundation via anchor bolts. The ASME Code does specify the minimum included arc angle (contact angle)... 

Fv = vertical seismic force, lb F), = horizontal seismic factor, see Procedure 3-3 F i = allowable axial stress, psi F, = allowable bending stress, psi F( = seismic force applied at top of vessel, lb F(. = Euler stress divided by safety factor, psi f] = miiximum eccentric load, lb = horizontal load on leg, lb F,i = maximum axial load, lb... 

The horizontal load on any one given leg, V , is proportional to the stiffness of that one leg perpendicular to the applied force relative to the stiffness of the other legs. The... 

Figure 3-12. Load diagrams for horizontal load distribution.

The horizontal load on any one leg is dependent on the direction of the reactions of the leg bracing. The horizontal force, V, is transmitted to the legs through the bracing. Thus, the general equation ... 

For cases where the ring beam has additional moment, tangential and/or radial loads (such as sloping columns) these additional horizontal loads may be calculated using ring redundants. See Procedure 5-1. 

Owing to shear stresses induced in the foundation soils by the vertical eccentric foxm-dation load, the magnitude of horizontal load that the foundation soils can sustain may decrease witii an increase in vertical load. This fact must be recognized when computing and evaluating sliding resistance by the simplified procedures described below. 

When the foundation is subjected to a horizontal load, there are at least three potential modes of sliding failure. The failure mode that develops depends primarily on the skirt height, the spacing and orientation of skirt elements, the net vertical foundation load, and... 

V is the vertical load H is the horizontal load M is the overturning moment E and p. are the elastic properties... 

The horizontal stiffness at the top of the piers is a composite of pier and foundation stiffnesses. Moreover, it depends on the soil, the vertical load and the kind of horizontal loading, static or dynamic. Consequently, calculated results indicate a range of stiffnesses. In order to have control of the horizontal stiffnesses used in the calculations, the best method is to compare the calculated absolute displacements for defined horizontal loads with the measurements at the top of piers. 

Superstructure loading will have an effect on the pile design when the imposed vertical and horizontal loads are large relative to the load solicited by lateral soil pressure on the piles. 

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